Anatomy Test 4 Self-Made Question Set
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Questions and Answers

What is the percentage of cardiac output filtered per minute?

  • 21% (correct)
  • 45%
  • 10%
  • 30%

    • How is blood volume and pressure regulated? (Select all that apply)

  • By controlling extracellular fluid volume (correct)
  • By altering heart rate and stroke volume
  • Through renal function and hormone regulation
  • By adjusting body temperature

    • What are the two major regions of the kidney?

  • An outer renal cortex and an inner renal medulla (correct)
  • A renal pelvis and renal capsule
  • Renal pyramids and glomerulus
  • Collecting ducts and nephron

    • What are triangular structures within the medulla?

    <p>Renal pyramids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What brings oxygenated blood for filtration and carries filtered blood away?

    <p>Renal artery and renal vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contains the glomeruli and parts of the nephron involved in filtering blood?

    <p>Renal Cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is part of the cortical tissue that extends into the medulla?

    <p>Renal columns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The base of the pyramid projects into the cortex and these projections are called?

    <p>Medullary rays</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the apex of the pyramid that points to the sinus?

    <p>Renal papilla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When urine leaves a renal papilla, it empties into a small, funnel-shaped chamber surrounding the tip of the papilla. What is this called?

    <p>Minor calyx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Urine from several minor calyces is emptied into a larger, funnel-shaped chamber. What is this chamber called?

    <p>Major calyx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an enlarged chamber formed by major calyces?

    <p>Pelvis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After filtrate is produced in the glomerulus, where does it travel to next?

    <p>Bowman's Capsule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pathway of filtrate through the nephron?

    <p>Glomerulus &gt; Bowman's Capsule &gt; Proximal Convoluted Tubule &gt; Loop of Henle &gt; Distal Convoluted Tubule &gt; Collecting duct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pathway of urine through the urinary system?

    <p>Renal Pelvis &gt; Ureter &gt; Bladder &gt; Urethra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pathway of blood through the kidney?

    <p>Renal Artery &gt; Interlobular arteries &gt; Arcuate arteries &gt; Cortical radiate arteries &gt; Afferent arterioles &gt; Glomerular capillaries &gt; Efferent arterioles &gt; Peritubular capillaries &gt; Vasa Recta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Juxtamedullary nephrons are located primarily where?

    <p>The border between the renal cortex and the renal medulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What nephron is associated with a long loop of Henle?

    <p>Juxtamedullary nephron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What nephron is associated with the vasa recta?

    <p>Juxtamedullary nephron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What nephron is associated with concentrating urine?

    <p>Juxtamedullary nephron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What nephrons are mainly located in the renal cortex?

    <p>Cortical nephrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What nephrons are supplied by the peritubular capillaries?

    <p>Cortical Nephrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What nephrons are associated with blood filtration and reabsorption?

    <p>Cortical nephrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the 3 major steps that occur in the nephron in order to produce urine?

    <p>Filtration, Tubular Reabsorption, and Tubular Secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major steps occur in the renal corpuscle?

    <p>Glomerular filtration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the indented, double-walled chamber that surrounds the glomerulus?

    <p>Bowman's capsule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the filtration membrane in the renal corpuscle?

    <p>To prevent blood cells and proteins from entering the filtrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of the filtration membrane?

    <p>Bowman's capsule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure in the filtration membrane allows for high permeability to small molecules but prevents large proteins and blood cells from passing?

    <p>Fenestrated glomerular capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the filtration process, small protein hormones and albumin that enter the filtrate are typically:

    <p>Reabsorbed and metabolized by cells in the proximal convoluted tubule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The glomerular capillaries have high permeability due to:

    <p>Fenestrated capillaries with small openings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of the glomerular capillaries allows them to maintain high pressure for filtration?

    <p>Smaller diameter of the efferent arteriole compared to the afferent arteriole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is primarily responsible for creating filtration slits that allow easy movement of fluid into Bowman's capsule?

    <p>Visceral layer of the glomerular capsule with podocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the "renal fraction" in the context of kidney function?

    <p>The portion of the total cardiac output that passes through the kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    On average, what percentage of plasma entering the kidneys is filtered into Bowman's capsule (filtration fraction)?

    <p>19%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much filtrate is produced by the kidneys each day on average?

    <p>180 L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Of the filtrate produced each day, how much is typically excreted as urine?

    <p>1-2 L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors represents the overall pressure driving filtration across the glomerular membrane?

    <p>Net filtration rate (NFT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The rate at which kidneys filter blood, directly impacting waste removal and fluid balance, is called:

    <p>Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does the tone of arterioles have on glomerular filtration?

    <p>It adjusts the amount of fluid filtered by changing blood flow and pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes glomerular capillary pressure (GCP)?

    <p>Blood pressure inside the glomerular capillaries that drives fluid out into Bowman's capsule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does capsule hydrostatic pressure (CHP) have on glomerular filtration?

    <p>Opposes glomerular capillary pressure by resisting fluid movement into Bowman's capsule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) opposes filtration by:

    <p>Drawing water back into the capillaries due to plasma proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Given GCP = 50 mm Hg, CHP = 10 mm Hg, and BCOP = 30 mm Hg, what is the filtration pressure?

    <p>10 mm Hg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Constriction of the efferent arteriole would:

    <p>Increase glomerular pressure and filtration rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does dilation of the efferent arteriole impact glomerular filtration?

    <p>Decreases glomerular pressure and filtration rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does glomerular filtration rate (GFR) measure?

    <p>The rate at which blood is filtered in the kidneys, impacting waste removal and fluid balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Autoregulation of GFR includes which of the following mechanisms?

    <p>Myogenic mechanism and tubuloglomerular feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The myogenic mechanism helps maintain stable GFR by:

    <p>Constricting afferent arterioles as blood pressure rises to prevent increased renal blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tubuloglomerular feedback regulates GFR by:

    <p>Sending signals from the macula densa to constrict afferent arterioles when filtrate flow rate is high</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During extreme conditions like hemorrhage, sympathetic stimulation affects GFR by:

    <p>Constricting small arteries and afferent arterioles, reducing renal blood flow and filtrate formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does renin contribute to GFR regulation through hormonal control?

    <p>It forms angiotensin I, which leads to vasoconstriction and helps maintain GFR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Podocytes are specialized cells that:

    <p>Wrap around glomerular capillaries and form part of the filtration membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are juxtaglomerular cells located, and what is their function?

    <p>In the afferent arteriole; they release renin to regulate blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The macula densa cells are located in the:

    <p>Distal convoluted tubule, where they detect sodium concentration in the filtrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced by epithelial cells of the nephron from the deamination of amino acids and diffuses into the lumen?

    <p>Ammonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are substances that are actively secreted into the nephron?

    <p>H+, K+, penicillin, and substances such as para-aminohippuric acid (PAH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the distal convoluted tubule help with?

    <p>Regulate electrolyte and acid-base balance, concentrate urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The early distal convoluted tubule is affected by what?

    <p>Parathyroid hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The late distal convoluted tubule is affected by what hormone?

    <p>Anti-diuretic hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the ability to control the volume and concentration of urine depend on?

    <p>Countercurrent mechanisms, medullary concentration gradient, hormonal mechanisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about the ascending limb and distal tubules in relation to urea?

    <p>The ascending limb and distal tubules are impermeable to urea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs in the collecting duct in relation to urea?

    <p>Urea diffuses into the medullary interstitial fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Urea cycling in the kidney involves what?

    <p>Urea moving between the interstitial fluid and the nephron to maintain a high concentration in the medulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes glomerular capillary pressure (GCP)?

    <p>Blood pressure inside the glomerular capillaries that drives fluid out into Bowman's capsule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does capsule hydrostatic pressure (CHP) have on glomerular filtration?

    <p>Opposes glomerular capillary pressure by resisting fluid movement into Bowman's capsule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) opposes filtration by:

    <p>Drawing water back into the capillaries due to plasma proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Given GCP = 50 mm Hg, CHP = 10 mm Hg, and BCOP = 30 mm Hg, what is the filtration pressure?

    <p>10 mm Hg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Constriction of the efferent arteriole would:

    <p>Increase glomerular pressure and filtration rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does dilation of the efferent arteriole impact glomerular filtration?

    <p>Decreases glomerular pressure and filtration rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does glomerular filtration rate (GFR) measure?

    <p>The rate at which blood is filtered in the kidneys, impacting waste removal and fluid balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Autoregulation of GFR includes which of the following mechanisms?

    <p>Myogenic mechanism and tubuloglomerular feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The myogenic mechanism helps maintain stable GFR by:

    <p>Constricting afferent arterioles as blood pressure rises to prevent increased renal blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tubuloglomerular feedback regulates GFR by:

    <p>Sending signals from the macula densa to constrict afferent arterioles when filtrate flow rate is high</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During extreme conditions like hemorrhage, sympathetic stimulation affects GFR by:

    <p>Constricting small arteries and afferent arterioles, reducing renal blood flow and filtrate formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does renin contribute to GFR regulation through hormonal control?

    <p>It forms angiotensin I, which leads to vasoconstriction and helps maintain GFR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Podocytes are specialized cells that:

    <p>Wrap around glomerular capillaries and form part of the filtration membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are juxtaglomerular cells located, and what is their function?

    <p>In the afferent arteriole; they release renin to regulate blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The macula densa cells are located in the:

    <p>Distal convoluted tubule, where they detect sodium concentration in the filtrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of reabsorption in the nephron?

    <p>To return essential nutrients, water, and ions back into the bloodstream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of kidney function, secretion refers to:

    <p>Adding waste products and excess ions from the blood into the tubules for excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells line the proximal convoluted tubule, facilitating reabsorption?

    <p>Simple cuboidal epithelium with microvilli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The majority of reabsorption in the nephron occurs in the:

    <p>Proximal convoluted tubule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the PCT, substances pass through the apical membrane, which is located:

    <p>On the inside wall of renal tubules and contains microvilli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which transport mechanism in the PCT moves sodium (Na+) out of the nephron cells across the basal membrane?

    <p>Active transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The concentration of sodium (Na+) is kept low inside nephron cells because:

    <p>It is actively pumped out across the basement membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Through which membrane do glucose, Na+, Cl-, and amino acids primarily enter nephron cells from the filtrate?

    <p>Apical membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the PCT, the Na+/Glucose symport mechanism is responsible for:

    <p>Simultaneously transporting sodium and glucose from the tubule into nephron cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Na+/H+ antiport in the PCT assists in:

    <p>Regulating pH by exchanging sodium into the cell while moving hydrogen ions out</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Water reabsorption in the nephron primarily occurs by which process?

    <p>Osmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Osmosis in the nephron relies on:

    <p>The movement of water following solutes like sodium and chloride that have been reabsorbed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Facilitated diffusion in the nephron allows which molecules to move efficiently into the bloodstream?

    <p>Glucose, amino acids, and ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the PCT and DCT, hydrogen ions are secreted primarily to:

    <p>Regulate pH in the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances are commonly secreted into the nephron tubule in the PCT and DCT?

    <p>Hydrogen ions, potassium ions, and certain drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hydrogen ions (H⁺) are secreted into the filtrate in the proximal tubule by:

    <p>Counter-transport (antiport)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hydrogen ions (H⁺) in the proximal tubule can be derived from:

    <p>Carbon dioxide and water reacting in the cells of the tubule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the distal tubule, hydrogen ions (H⁺) and potassium ions (K⁺) are secreted into the filtrate through:

    <p>Counter-transport (antiport)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sodium (Na⁺) and potassium (K⁺) move across the basal membrane by:

    <p>Active transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the role of the collecting duct?

    <p>It is not part of the nephron but receives filtrate from multiple distal convoluted tubules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main function of the collecting duct is to:

    <p>Finalize the concentration and composition of urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ions are reabsorbed by principal cells in the collecting duct?

    <p>Sodium and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Intercalated cells in the collecting duct are primarily involved in:

    <p>Reabsorbing potassium (K⁺) and bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻) and secreting hydrogen ions (H⁺)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism in principal cells regulates water movement?

    <p>Aquaporin channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The countercurrent multiplier, found in the loop of Henle, primarily functions to:

    <p>Concentrate the filtrate by creating an osmotic gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the descending limb of the loop of Henle, water moves out of the filtrate by:

    <p>Osmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, the epithelium is:

    <p>Impermeable to water but allows solutes to diffuse out</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure acts as a countercurrent exchanger to help maintain the medullary concentration gradient?

    <p>Vasa recta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the vasa recta, as blood flows deeper into the medulla:

    <p>Water exits the blood, and solutes enter from the interstitial fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Near the tip of the renal pyramid, blood flow in the vasa recta:

    <p>Reverses direction and moves back toward the cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The vasa recta's role in maintaining a balanced composition while preserving the medullary gradient is achieved by:

    <p>Removing slightly more water and solutes than it brings in</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Urea cycling contributes to:

    <p>Maintenance of the osmotic gradient in the medulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the descending limb of the nephron loop, urea:

    <p>Diffuses from the interstitial fluid into the filtrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What monitors blood flow/pressure and is the site of renin production?

    <p>Juxtaglomerular apparatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a ring of smooth muscle in the afferent arteriole where the latter enters the glomerular capsule?

    <p>Juxtaglomerular cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the specialized tubule cells of the distal convoluted tubule?

    <p>Macula densa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the intracellular fluid compartment?

    <p>All fluids in cell body, 40% of body weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of the extracellular fluid compartment?

    <p>All fluid outside cells, 20% of body weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are subcompartments of extracellular fluid? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Interstitial Fluid and Plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major contributor to the osmotic pressure gradient between ICF and ECF?

    <p>Chloride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the predominant extracellular anion?

    <p>Chloride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Elevated extracellular levels of what prevents membrane depolarization?

    <p>Calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Decreased levels of what leads to spontaneous action potential generation?

    <p>Calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Insensible perspiration is described as?

    <p>Water evaporating from the skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sensible perspiration is described as?

    <p>Being secreted by the sweat glands and contains solutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the dominant cation in extracellular fluid (ECF)?

    <p>Sodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is responsible for 90 to 95% of osmotic pressure?

    <p>Sodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

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