Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the percentage of cardiac output filtered per minute?
What is the percentage of cardiac output filtered per minute?
- 21% (correct)
- 45%
- 10%
- 30%
How is blood volume and pressure regulated? (Select all that apply)
How is blood volume and pressure regulated? (Select all that apply)
- By controlling extracellular fluid volume (correct)
- By altering heart rate and stroke volume
- Through renal function and hormone regulation
- By adjusting body temperature
What are the two major regions of the kidney?
What are the two major regions of the kidney?
- An outer renal cortex and an inner renal medulla (correct)
- A renal pelvis and renal capsule
- Renal pyramids and glomerulus
- Collecting ducts and nephron
What are triangular structures within the medulla?
What are triangular structures within the medulla?
What brings oxygenated blood for filtration and carries filtered blood away?
What brings oxygenated blood for filtration and carries filtered blood away?
What contains the glomeruli and parts of the nephron involved in filtering blood?
What contains the glomeruli and parts of the nephron involved in filtering blood?
What is part of the cortical tissue that extends into the medulla?
What is part of the cortical tissue that extends into the medulla?
The base of the pyramid projects into the cortex and these projections are called?
The base of the pyramid projects into the cortex and these projections are called?
What is the apex of the pyramid that points to the sinus?
What is the apex of the pyramid that points to the sinus?
When urine leaves a renal papilla, it empties into a small, funnel-shaped chamber surrounding the tip of the papilla. What is this called?
When urine leaves a renal papilla, it empties into a small, funnel-shaped chamber surrounding the tip of the papilla. What is this called?
Urine from several minor calyces is emptied into a larger, funnel-shaped chamber. What is this chamber called?
Urine from several minor calyces is emptied into a larger, funnel-shaped chamber. What is this chamber called?
What is an enlarged chamber formed by major calyces?
What is an enlarged chamber formed by major calyces?
After filtrate is produced in the glomerulus, where does it travel to next?
After filtrate is produced in the glomerulus, where does it travel to next?
What is the pathway of filtrate through the nephron?
What is the pathway of filtrate through the nephron?
What is the pathway of urine through the urinary system?
What is the pathway of urine through the urinary system?
What is the pathway of blood through the kidney?
What is the pathway of blood through the kidney?
Juxtamedullary nephrons are located primarily where?
Juxtamedullary nephrons are located primarily where?
What nephron is associated with a long loop of Henle?
What nephron is associated with a long loop of Henle?
What nephron is associated with the vasa recta?
What nephron is associated with the vasa recta?
What nephron is associated with concentrating urine?
What nephron is associated with concentrating urine?
What nephrons are mainly located in the renal cortex?
What nephrons are mainly located in the renal cortex?
What nephrons are supplied by the peritubular capillaries?
What nephrons are supplied by the peritubular capillaries?
What nephrons are associated with blood filtration and reabsorption?
What nephrons are associated with blood filtration and reabsorption?
What are the 3 major steps that occur in the nephron in order to produce urine?
What are the 3 major steps that occur in the nephron in order to produce urine?
What major steps occur in the renal corpuscle?
What major steps occur in the renal corpuscle?
What is the indented, double-walled chamber that surrounds the glomerulus?
What is the indented, double-walled chamber that surrounds the glomerulus?
What is the primary function of the filtration membrane in the renal corpuscle?
What is the primary function of the filtration membrane in the renal corpuscle?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the filtration membrane?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the filtration membrane?
Which structure in the filtration membrane allows for high permeability to small molecules but prevents large proteins and blood cells from passing?
Which structure in the filtration membrane allows for high permeability to small molecules but prevents large proteins and blood cells from passing?
In the filtration process, small protein hormones and albumin that enter the filtrate are typically:
In the filtration process, small protein hormones and albumin that enter the filtrate are typically:
The glomerular capillaries have high permeability due to:
The glomerular capillaries have high permeability due to:
What characteristic of the glomerular capillaries allows them to maintain high pressure for filtration?
What characteristic of the glomerular capillaries allows them to maintain high pressure for filtration?
Which structure is primarily responsible for creating filtration slits that allow easy movement of fluid into Bowman's capsule?
Which structure is primarily responsible for creating filtration slits that allow easy movement of fluid into Bowman's capsule?
What is the "renal fraction" in the context of kidney function?
What is the "renal fraction" in the context of kidney function?
On average, what percentage of plasma entering the kidneys is filtered into Bowman's capsule (filtration fraction)?
On average, what percentage of plasma entering the kidneys is filtered into Bowman's capsule (filtration fraction)?
How much filtrate is produced by the kidneys each day on average?
How much filtrate is produced by the kidneys each day on average?
Of the filtrate produced each day, how much is typically excreted as urine?
Of the filtrate produced each day, how much is typically excreted as urine?
Which of the following factors represents the overall pressure driving filtration across the glomerular membrane?
Which of the following factors represents the overall pressure driving filtration across the glomerular membrane?
The rate at which kidneys filter blood, directly impacting waste removal and fluid balance, is called:
The rate at which kidneys filter blood, directly impacting waste removal and fluid balance, is called:
What effect does the tone of arterioles have on glomerular filtration?
What effect does the tone of arterioles have on glomerular filtration?
Which of the following best describes glomerular capillary pressure (GCP)?
Which of the following best describes glomerular capillary pressure (GCP)?
What effect does capsule hydrostatic pressure (CHP) have on glomerular filtration?
What effect does capsule hydrostatic pressure (CHP) have on glomerular filtration?
Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) opposes filtration by:
Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) opposes filtration by:
Given GCP = 50 mm Hg, CHP = 10 mm Hg, and BCOP = 30 mm Hg, what is the filtration pressure?
Given GCP = 50 mm Hg, CHP = 10 mm Hg, and BCOP = 30 mm Hg, what is the filtration pressure?
Constriction of the efferent arteriole would:
Constriction of the efferent arteriole would:
How does dilation of the efferent arteriole impact glomerular filtration?
How does dilation of the efferent arteriole impact glomerular filtration?
What does glomerular filtration rate (GFR) measure?
What does glomerular filtration rate (GFR) measure?
Autoregulation of GFR includes which of the following mechanisms?
Autoregulation of GFR includes which of the following mechanisms?
The myogenic mechanism helps maintain stable GFR by:
The myogenic mechanism helps maintain stable GFR by:
Tubuloglomerular feedback regulates GFR by:
Tubuloglomerular feedback regulates GFR by:
During extreme conditions like hemorrhage, sympathetic stimulation affects GFR by:
During extreme conditions like hemorrhage, sympathetic stimulation affects GFR by:
How does renin contribute to GFR regulation through hormonal control?
How does renin contribute to GFR regulation through hormonal control?
Podocytes are specialized cells that:
Podocytes are specialized cells that:
Where are juxtaglomerular cells located, and what is their function?
Where are juxtaglomerular cells located, and what is their function?
The macula densa cells are located in the:
The macula densa cells are located in the:
What is produced by epithelial cells of the nephron from the deamination of amino acids and diffuses into the lumen?
What is produced by epithelial cells of the nephron from the deamination of amino acids and diffuses into the lumen?
What are substances that are actively secreted into the nephron?
What are substances that are actively secreted into the nephron?
What does the distal convoluted tubule help with?
What does the distal convoluted tubule help with?
The early distal convoluted tubule is affected by what?
The early distal convoluted tubule is affected by what?
The late distal convoluted tubule is affected by what hormone?
The late distal convoluted tubule is affected by what hormone?
What does the ability to control the volume and concentration of urine depend on?
What does the ability to control the volume and concentration of urine depend on?
What is true about the ascending limb and distal tubules in relation to urea?
What is true about the ascending limb and distal tubules in relation to urea?
What occurs in the collecting duct in relation to urea?
What occurs in the collecting duct in relation to urea?
Urea cycling in the kidney involves what?
Urea cycling in the kidney involves what?
Which of the following best describes glomerular capillary pressure (GCP)?
Which of the following best describes glomerular capillary pressure (GCP)?
What effect does capsule hydrostatic pressure (CHP) have on glomerular filtration?
What effect does capsule hydrostatic pressure (CHP) have on glomerular filtration?
Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) opposes filtration by:
Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) opposes filtration by:
Given GCP = 50 mm Hg, CHP = 10 mm Hg, and BCOP = 30 mm Hg, what is the filtration pressure?
Given GCP = 50 mm Hg, CHP = 10 mm Hg, and BCOP = 30 mm Hg, what is the filtration pressure?
Constriction of the efferent arteriole would:
Constriction of the efferent arteriole would:
How does dilation of the efferent arteriole impact glomerular filtration?
How does dilation of the efferent arteriole impact glomerular filtration?
What does glomerular filtration rate (GFR) measure?
What does glomerular filtration rate (GFR) measure?
Autoregulation of GFR includes which of the following mechanisms?
Autoregulation of GFR includes which of the following mechanisms?
The myogenic mechanism helps maintain stable GFR by:
The myogenic mechanism helps maintain stable GFR by:
Tubuloglomerular feedback regulates GFR by:
Tubuloglomerular feedback regulates GFR by:
During extreme conditions like hemorrhage, sympathetic stimulation affects GFR by:
During extreme conditions like hemorrhage, sympathetic stimulation affects GFR by:
How does renin contribute to GFR regulation through hormonal control?
How does renin contribute to GFR regulation through hormonal control?
Podocytes are specialized cells that:
Podocytes are specialized cells that:
Where are juxtaglomerular cells located, and what is their function?
Where are juxtaglomerular cells located, and what is their function?
The macula densa cells are located in the:
The macula densa cells are located in the:
What is the primary purpose of reabsorption in the nephron?
What is the primary purpose of reabsorption in the nephron?
In the context of kidney function, secretion refers to:
In the context of kidney function, secretion refers to:
What type of cells line the proximal convoluted tubule, facilitating reabsorption?
What type of cells line the proximal convoluted tubule, facilitating reabsorption?
The majority of reabsorption in the nephron occurs in the:
The majority of reabsorption in the nephron occurs in the:
In the PCT, substances pass through the apical membrane, which is located:
In the PCT, substances pass through the apical membrane, which is located:
Which transport mechanism in the PCT moves sodium (Na+) out of the nephron cells across the basal membrane?
Which transport mechanism in the PCT moves sodium (Na+) out of the nephron cells across the basal membrane?
The concentration of sodium (Na+) is kept low inside nephron cells because:
The concentration of sodium (Na+) is kept low inside nephron cells because:
Through which membrane do glucose, Na+, Cl-, and amino acids primarily enter nephron cells from the filtrate?
Through which membrane do glucose, Na+, Cl-, and amino acids primarily enter nephron cells from the filtrate?
In the PCT, the Na+/Glucose symport mechanism is responsible for:
In the PCT, the Na+/Glucose symport mechanism is responsible for:
The Na+/H+ antiport in the PCT assists in:
The Na+/H+ antiport in the PCT assists in:
Water reabsorption in the nephron primarily occurs by which process?
Water reabsorption in the nephron primarily occurs by which process?
Osmosis in the nephron relies on:
Osmosis in the nephron relies on:
Facilitated diffusion in the nephron allows which molecules to move efficiently into the bloodstream?
Facilitated diffusion in the nephron allows which molecules to move efficiently into the bloodstream?
In the PCT and DCT, hydrogen ions are secreted primarily to:
In the PCT and DCT, hydrogen ions are secreted primarily to:
Which of the following substances are commonly secreted into the nephron tubule in the PCT and DCT?
Which of the following substances are commonly secreted into the nephron tubule in the PCT and DCT?
Hydrogen ions (H⁺) are secreted into the filtrate in the proximal tubule by:
Hydrogen ions (H⁺) are secreted into the filtrate in the proximal tubule by:
Hydrogen ions (H⁺) in the proximal tubule can be derived from:
Hydrogen ions (H⁺) in the proximal tubule can be derived from:
In the distal tubule, hydrogen ions (H⁺) and potassium ions (K⁺) are secreted into the filtrate through:
In the distal tubule, hydrogen ions (H⁺) and potassium ions (K⁺) are secreted into the filtrate through:
Sodium (Na⁺) and potassium (K⁺) move across the basal membrane by:
Sodium (Na⁺) and potassium (K⁺) move across the basal membrane by:
Which of the following best describes the role of the collecting duct?
Which of the following best describes the role of the collecting duct?
The main function of the collecting duct is to:
The main function of the collecting duct is to:
Which ions are reabsorbed by principal cells in the collecting duct?
Which ions are reabsorbed by principal cells in the collecting duct?
Intercalated cells in the collecting duct are primarily involved in:
Intercalated cells in the collecting duct are primarily involved in:
What mechanism in principal cells regulates water movement?
What mechanism in principal cells regulates water movement?
The countercurrent multiplier, found in the loop of Henle, primarily functions to:
The countercurrent multiplier, found in the loop of Henle, primarily functions to:
In the descending limb of the loop of Henle, water moves out of the filtrate by:
In the descending limb of the loop of Henle, water moves out of the filtrate by:
In the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, the epithelium is:
In the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, the epithelium is:
Which structure acts as a countercurrent exchanger to help maintain the medullary concentration gradient?
Which structure acts as a countercurrent exchanger to help maintain the medullary concentration gradient?
In the vasa recta, as blood flows deeper into the medulla:
In the vasa recta, as blood flows deeper into the medulla:
Near the tip of the renal pyramid, blood flow in the vasa recta:
Near the tip of the renal pyramid, blood flow in the vasa recta:
The vasa recta's role in maintaining a balanced composition while preserving the medullary gradient is achieved by:
The vasa recta's role in maintaining a balanced composition while preserving the medullary gradient is achieved by:
Urea cycling contributes to:
Urea cycling contributes to:
In the descending limb of the nephron loop, urea:
In the descending limb of the nephron loop, urea:
What monitors blood flow/pressure and is the site of renin production?
What monitors blood flow/pressure and is the site of renin production?
What is a ring of smooth muscle in the afferent arteriole where the latter enters the glomerular capsule?
What is a ring of smooth muscle in the afferent arteriole where the latter enters the glomerular capsule?
What are the specialized tubule cells of the distal convoluted tubule?
What are the specialized tubule cells of the distal convoluted tubule?
What describes the intracellular fluid compartment?
What describes the intracellular fluid compartment?
What is the definition of the extracellular fluid compartment?
What is the definition of the extracellular fluid compartment?
Which of the following are subcompartments of extracellular fluid? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following are subcompartments of extracellular fluid? (Select all that apply)
What is a major contributor to the osmotic pressure gradient between ICF and ECF?
What is a major contributor to the osmotic pressure gradient between ICF and ECF?
What is the predominant extracellular anion?
What is the predominant extracellular anion?
Elevated extracellular levels of what prevents membrane depolarization?
Elevated extracellular levels of what prevents membrane depolarization?
Decreased levels of what leads to spontaneous action potential generation?
Decreased levels of what leads to spontaneous action potential generation?
Insensible perspiration is described as?
Insensible perspiration is described as?
Sensible perspiration is described as?
Sensible perspiration is described as?
What is the dominant cation in extracellular fluid (ECF)?
What is the dominant cation in extracellular fluid (ECF)?
What is responsible for 90 to 95% of osmotic pressure?
What is responsible for 90 to 95% of osmotic pressure?
Flashcards
Filtration Membrane Function
Filtration Membrane Function
Prevents blood cells and proteins from entering the filtrate, allowing small molecules to pass through.
Filtration Membrane Components
Filtration Membrane Components
Includes fenestrated glomerular capillaries, basement membrane, and podocytes.
Glomerular Capillaries
Glomerular Capillaries
Specialized capillaries that allow for high permeability of small molecules but prevent large ones from passing through.
Small Protein Hormone Reabsorption
Small Protein Hormone Reabsorption
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Fenestrated Glomerular Capillaries
Fenestrated Glomerular Capillaries
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Efferent Arteriole Diameter
Efferent Arteriole Diameter
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Podocytes
Podocytes
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Renal Fraction
Renal Fraction
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Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
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Filtration Fraction
Filtration Fraction
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Daily Filtrate Production
Daily Filtrate Production
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Urine Production
Urine Production
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Net Filtration Pressure
Net Filtration Pressure
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Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
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Arteriolar Tone Effect
Arteriolar Tone Effect
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Bowman's Capsule
Bowman's Capsule
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Glomerular Capillary Pressure (GCP)
Glomerular Capillary Pressure (GCP)
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Capsule Hydrostatic Pressure (CHP)
Capsule Hydrostatic Pressure (CHP)
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Blood Colloid Osmotic Pressure (BCOP)
Blood Colloid Osmotic Pressure (BCOP)
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Filtration Pressure
Filtration Pressure
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Efferent Arteriole Constriction
Efferent Arteriole Constriction
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Efferent Arteriole Dilation
Efferent Arteriole Dilation
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Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
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Autoregulation of GFR
Autoregulation of GFR
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Myogenic Mechanism
Myogenic Mechanism
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Tubuloglomerular Feedback
Tubuloglomerular Feedback
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Sympathetic Stimulation (GFR)
Sympathetic Stimulation (GFR)
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Renin
Renin
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Podocytes
Podocytes
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Juxtaglomerular Cells
Juxtaglomerular Cells
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Macula Densa Cells
Macula Densa Cells
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Urea Impermeability in Loop of Henle
Urea Impermeability in Loop of Henle
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Urea Movement in Collecting Duct
Urea Movement in Collecting Duct
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Urea Cycling Role
Urea Cycling Role
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Urea Movement in Kidney
Urea Movement in Kidney
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Why Urea Doesn't Pass (Loop of Henle)
Why Urea Doesn't Pass (Loop of Henle)
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Glomerular Capillary Pressure (GCP)
Glomerular Capillary Pressure (GCP)
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Capsule Hydrostatic Pressure (CHP)
Capsule Hydrostatic Pressure (CHP)
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Blood Colloid Osmotic Pressure (BCOP)
Blood Colloid Osmotic Pressure (BCOP)
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Filtration Pressure
Filtration Pressure
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Efferent Arteriole Constriction
Efferent Arteriole Constriction
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Efferent Arteriole Dilation
Efferent Arteriole Dilation
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Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
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Autoregulation of GFR
Autoregulation of GFR
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Myogenic Mechanism
Myogenic Mechanism
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Tubuloglomerular Feedback
Tubuloglomerular Feedback
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Podocytes
Podocytes
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Juxtaglomerular Cells
Juxtaglomerular Cells
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Macula Densa Cells
Macula Densa Cells
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Sympathetic Stimulation (GFR)
Sympathetic Stimulation (GFR)
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Renin
Renin
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