Anatomy Test 4 Self-Made Question Set
127 Questions
6 Views

Anatomy Test 4 Self-Made Question Set

Created by
@ReadyTriumph741

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the percentage of cardiac output filtered per minute?

  • 21% (correct)
  • 45%
  • 10%
  • 30%

    • How is blood volume and pressure regulated? (Select all that apply)

  • By controlling extracellular fluid volume (correct)
  • By altering heart rate and stroke volume
  • Through renal function and hormone regulation
  • By adjusting body temperature

    • What are the two major regions of the kidney?

  • An outer renal cortex and an inner renal medulla (correct)
  • A renal pelvis and renal capsule
  • Renal pyramids and glomerulus
  • Collecting ducts and nephron

    • What are triangular structures within the medulla?

    <p>Renal pyramids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What brings oxygenated blood for filtration and carries filtered blood away?

    <p>Renal artery and renal vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contains the glomeruli and parts of the nephron involved in filtering blood?

    <p>Renal Cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is part of the cortical tissue that extends into the medulla?

    <p>Renal columns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The base of the pyramid projects into the cortex and these projections are called?

    <p>Medullary rays</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the apex of the pyramid that points to the sinus?

    <p>Renal papilla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When urine leaves a renal papilla, it empties into a small, funnel-shaped chamber surrounding the tip of the papilla. What is this called?

    <p>Minor calyx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Urine from several minor calyces is emptied into a larger, funnel-shaped chamber. What is this chamber called?

    <p>Major calyx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an enlarged chamber formed by major calyces?

    <p>Pelvis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After filtrate is produced in the glomerulus, where does it travel to next?

    <p>Bowman's Capsule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pathway of filtrate through the nephron?

    <p>Glomerulus &gt; Bowman's Capsule &gt; Proximal Convoluted Tubule &gt; Loop of Henle &gt; Distal Convoluted Tubule &gt; Collecting duct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pathway of urine through the urinary system?

    <p>Renal Pelvis &gt; Ureter &gt; Bladder &gt; Urethra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pathway of blood through the kidney?

    <p>Renal Artery &gt; Interlobular arteries &gt; Arcuate arteries &gt; Cortical radiate arteries &gt; Afferent arterioles &gt; Glomerular capillaries &gt; Efferent arterioles &gt; Peritubular capillaries &gt; Vasa Recta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Juxtamedullary nephrons are located primarily where?

    <p>The border between the renal cortex and the renal medulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What nephron is associated with a long loop of Henle?

    <p>Juxtamedullary nephron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What nephron is associated with the vasa recta?

    <p>Juxtamedullary nephron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What nephron is associated with concentrating urine?

    <p>Juxtamedullary nephron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What nephrons are mainly located in the renal cortex?

    <p>Cortical nephrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What nephrons are supplied by the peritubular capillaries?

    <p>Cortical Nephrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What nephrons are associated with blood filtration and reabsorption?

    <p>Cortical nephrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the 3 major steps that occur in the nephron in order to produce urine?

    <p>Filtration, Tubular Reabsorption, and Tubular Secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major steps occur in the renal corpuscle?

    <p>Glomerular filtration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the indented, double-walled chamber that surrounds the glomerulus?

    <p>Bowman's capsule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the filtration membrane in the renal corpuscle?

    <p>To prevent blood cells and proteins from entering the filtrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of the filtration membrane?

    <p>Bowman's capsule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure in the filtration membrane allows for high permeability to small molecules but prevents large proteins and blood cells from passing?

    <p>Fenestrated glomerular capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the filtration process, small protein hormones and albumin that enter the filtrate are typically:

    <p>Reabsorbed and metabolized by cells in the proximal convoluted tubule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The glomerular capillaries have high permeability due to:

    <p>Fenestrated capillaries with small openings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of the glomerular capillaries allows them to maintain high pressure for filtration?

    <p>Smaller diameter of the efferent arteriole compared to the afferent arteriole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is primarily responsible for creating filtration slits that allow easy movement of fluid into Bowman's capsule?

    <p>Visceral layer of the glomerular capsule with podocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the "renal fraction" in the context of kidney function?

    <p>The portion of the total cardiac output that passes through the kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    On average, what percentage of plasma entering the kidneys is filtered into Bowman's capsule (filtration fraction)?

    <p>19%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term "glomerular filtration rate (GFR)" refer to?

    <p>The rate at which plasma is filtered into the nephron per minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much filtrate is produced by the kidneys each day on average?

    <p>180 L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Of the filtrate produced each day, how much is typically excreted as urine?

    <p>1-2 L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors represents the overall pressure driving filtration across the glomerular membrane?

    <p>Net filtration rate (NFT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The rate at which kidneys filter blood, directly impacting waste removal and fluid balance, is called:

    <p>Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does the tone of arterioles have on glomerular filtration?

    <p>It adjusts the amount of fluid filtered by changing blood flow and pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes glomerular capillary pressure (GCP)?

    <p>Blood pressure inside the glomerular capillaries that drives fluid out into Bowman's capsule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does capsule hydrostatic pressure (CHP) have on glomerular filtration?

    <p>Opposes glomerular capillary pressure by resisting fluid movement into Bowman's capsule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) opposes filtration by:

    <p>Drawing water back into the capillaries due to plasma proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Given GCP = 50 mm Hg, CHP = 10 mm Hg, and BCOP = 30 mm Hg, what is the filtration pressure?

    <p>10 mm Hg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Constriction of the efferent arteriole would:

    <p>Increase glomerular pressure and filtration rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does dilation of the efferent arteriole impact glomerular filtration?

    <p>Decreases glomerular pressure and filtration rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does glomerular filtration rate (GFR) measure?

    <p>The rate at which blood is filtered in the kidneys, impacting waste removal and fluid balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Autoregulation of GFR includes which of the following mechanisms?

    <p>Myogenic mechanism and tubuloglomerular feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The myogenic mechanism helps maintain stable GFR by:

    <p>Constricting afferent arterioles as blood pressure rises to prevent increased renal blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tubuloglomerular feedback regulates GFR by:

    <p>Sending signals from the macula densa to constrict afferent arterioles when filtrate flow rate is high</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During extreme conditions like hemorrhage, sympathetic stimulation affects GFR by:

    <p>Constricting small arteries and afferent arterioles, reducing renal blood flow and filtrate formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does renin contribute to GFR regulation through hormonal control?

    <p>It forms angiotensin I, which leads to vasoconstriction and helps maintain GFR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Podocytes are specialized cells that:

    <p>Wrap around glomerular capillaries and form part of the filtration membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are juxtaglomerular cells located, and what is their function?

    <p>In the afferent arteriole; they release renin to regulate blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The macula densa cells are located in the:

    <p>Distal convoluted tubule, where they detect sodium concentration in the filtrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced by epithelial cells of the nephron from the deamination of amino acids and diffuses into the lumen?

    <p>Ammonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are substances that are actively secreted into the nephron?

    <p>H+, K+, penicillin, and substances such as para-aminohippuric acid (PAH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the distal convoluted tubule help with?

    <p>Regulate electrolyte and acid-base balance, concentrate urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The early distal convoluted tubule is affected by what?

    <p>Parathyroid hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The late distal convoluted tubule is affected by what hormone?

    <p>Anti-diuretic hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the ability to control the volume and concentration of urine depend on?

    <p>Countercurrent mechanisms, medullary concentration gradient, hormonal mechanisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about the ascending limb and distal tubules in relation to urea?

    <p>The ascending limb and distal tubules are impermeable to urea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs in the collecting duct in relation to urea?

    <p>Urea diffuses into the medullary interstitial fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Urea cycling in the kidney involves what?

    <p>Urea moving between the interstitial fluid and the nephron to maintain a high concentration in the medulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes glomerular capillary pressure (GCP)?

    <p>Blood pressure inside the glomerular capillaries that drives fluid out into Bowman's capsule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does capsule hydrostatic pressure (CHP) have on glomerular filtration?

    <p>Opposes glomerular capillary pressure by resisting fluid movement into Bowman's capsule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) opposes filtration by:

    <p>Drawing water back into the capillaries due to plasma proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Given GCP = 50 mm Hg, CHP = 10 mm Hg, and BCOP = 30 mm Hg, what is the filtration pressure?

    <p>10 mm Hg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Constriction of the efferent arteriole would:

    <p>Increase glomerular pressure and filtration rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does dilation of the efferent arteriole impact glomerular filtration?

    <p>Decreases glomerular pressure and filtration rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does glomerular filtration rate (GFR) measure?

    <p>The rate at which blood is filtered in the kidneys, impacting waste removal and fluid balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Autoregulation of GFR includes which of the following mechanisms?

    <p>Myogenic mechanism and tubuloglomerular feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The myogenic mechanism helps maintain stable GFR by:

    <p>Constricting afferent arterioles as blood pressure rises to prevent increased renal blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tubuloglomerular feedback regulates GFR by:

    <p>Sending signals from the macula densa to constrict afferent arterioles when filtrate flow rate is high</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During extreme conditions like hemorrhage, sympathetic stimulation affects GFR by:

    <p>Constricting small arteries and afferent arterioles, reducing renal blood flow and filtrate formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does renin contribute to GFR regulation through hormonal control?

    <p>It forms angiotensin I, which leads to vasoconstriction and helps maintain GFR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Podocytes are specialized cells that:

    <p>Wrap around glomerular capillaries and form part of the filtration membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are juxtaglomerular cells located, and what is their function?

    <p>In the afferent arteriole; they release renin to regulate blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The macula densa cells are located in the:

    <p>Distal convoluted tubule, where they detect sodium concentration in the filtrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of reabsorption in the nephron?

    <p>To return essential nutrients, water, and ions back into the bloodstream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of kidney function, secretion refers to:

    <p>Adding waste products and excess ions from the blood into the tubules for excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells line the proximal convoluted tubule, facilitating reabsorption?

    <p>Simple cuboidal epithelium with microvilli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The majority of reabsorption in the nephron occurs in the:

    <p>Proximal convoluted tubule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the PCT, substances pass through the apical membrane, which is located:

    <p>On the inside wall of renal tubules and contains microvilli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which transport mechanism in the PCT moves sodium (Na+) out of the nephron cells across the basal membrane?

    <p>Active transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The concentration of sodium (Na+) is kept low inside nephron cells because:

    <p>It is actively pumped out across the basement membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Through which membrane do glucose, Na+, Cl-, and amino acids primarily enter nephron cells from the filtrate?

    <p>Apical membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the PCT, the Na+/Glucose symport mechanism is responsible for:

    <p>Simultaneously transporting sodium and glucose from the tubule into nephron cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Na+/H+ antiport in the PCT assists in:

    <p>Regulating pH by exchanging sodium into the cell while moving hydrogen ions out</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Water reabsorption in the nephron primarily occurs by which process?

    <p>Osmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Osmosis in the nephron relies on:

    <p>The movement of water following solutes like sodium and chloride that have been reabsorbed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Facilitated diffusion in the nephron allows which molecules to move efficiently into the bloodstream?

    <p>Glucose, amino acids, and ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the PCT and DCT, hydrogen ions are secreted primarily to:

    <p>Regulate pH in the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances are commonly secreted into the nephron tubule in the PCT and DCT?

    <p>Hydrogen ions, potassium ions, and certain drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hydrogen ions (H⁺) are secreted into the filtrate in the proximal tubule by:

    <p>Counter-transport (antiport)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hydrogen ions (H⁺) in the proximal tubule can be derived from:

    <p>Carbon dioxide and water reacting in the cells of the tubule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the distal tubule, hydrogen ions (H⁺) and potassium ions (K⁺) are secreted into the filtrate through:

    <p>Counter-transport (antiport)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sodium (Na⁺) and potassium (K⁺) move across the basal membrane by:

    <p>Active transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the role of the collecting duct?

    <p>It is not part of the nephron but receives filtrate from multiple distal convoluted tubules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main function of the collecting duct is to:

    <p>Finalize the concentration and composition of urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ions are reabsorbed by principal cells in the collecting duct?

    <p>Sodium and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Intercalated cells in the collecting duct are primarily involved in:

    <p>Reabsorbing potassium (K⁺) and bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻) and secreting hydrogen ions (H⁺)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism in principal cells regulates water movement?

    <p>Aquaporin channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The countercurrent multiplier, found in the loop of Henle, primarily functions to:

    <p>Concentrate the filtrate by creating an osmotic gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the descending limb of the loop of Henle, water moves out of the filtrate by:

    <p>Osmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, the epithelium is:

    <p>Impermeable to water but allows solutes to diffuse out</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure acts as a countercurrent exchanger to help maintain the medullary concentration gradient?

    <p>Vasa recta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the vasa recta, as blood flows deeper into the medulla:

    <p>Water exits the blood, and solutes enter from the interstitial fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Near the tip of the renal pyramid, blood flow in the vasa recta:

    <p>Reverses direction and moves back toward the cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The vasa recta's role in maintaining a balanced composition while preserving the medullary gradient is achieved by:

    <p>Removing slightly more water and solutes than it brings in</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Urea cycling contributes to:

    <p>Maintenance of the osmotic gradient in the medulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the descending limb of the nephron loop, urea:

    <p>Diffuses from the interstitial fluid into the filtrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What monitors blood flow/pressure and is the site of renin production?

    <p>Juxtaglomerular apparatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a ring of smooth muscle in the afferent arteriole where the latter enters the glomerular capsule?

    <p>Juxtaglomerular cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the specialized tubule cells of the distal convoluted tubule?

    <p>Macula densa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the intracellular fluid compartment?

    <p>All fluids in cell body, 40% of body weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of the extracellular fluid compartment?

    <p>All fluid outside cells, 20% of body weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are subcompartments of extracellular fluid? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Interstitial Fluid and Plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major contributor to the osmotic pressure gradient between ICF and ECF?

    <p>Chloride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the predominant extracellular anion?

    <p>Chloride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Elevated extracellular levels of what prevents membrane depolarization?

    <p>Calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Decreased levels of what leads to spontaneous action potential generation?

    <p>Calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Insensible perspiration is described as?

    <p>Water evaporating from the skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sensible perspiration is described as?

    <p>Being secreted by the sweat glands and contains solutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the dominant cation in extracellular fluid (ECF)?

    <p>Sodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is responsible for 90 to 95% of osmotic pressure?

    <p>Sodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    More Like This

    Factors Affecting Cardiac Output
    5 questions

    Factors Affecting Cardiac Output

    WarmerPanther avatar
    WarmerPanther
    Cardiac Output Regulation
    8 questions

    Cardiac Output Regulation

    DetachableDystopia avatar
    DetachableDystopia
    Cardiovascular System Physiology 200 Level (MBBS)
    10 questions

    Cardiovascular System Physiology 200 Level (MBBS)

    EngagingTaiga9129 avatar
    EngagingTaiga9129
    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser