Cardiac Output and Heart Rate

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What is the primary function of the coronary arteries?

To pump blood throughout the body

To regulate blood pressure

To facilitate the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

To carry blood to oxygenate/nourish the heart muscle (correct)

What is the most common pathological change that leads to coronary heart disease?

Vasospasm

Atherosclerosis (correct)

Disruption of atherosclerotic plaque

Thrombosis

What is the result of impaired blood flow in the coronary arteries?

Hypertension

Heart failure

Ischemia or infarction of heart muscle cells (correct)

Cardiac arrhythmia

What is the characteristic of angina that distinguishes it from infarction?

Reversible ischemia (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the chest pain that occurs due to a discrepancy between the supply and demand of oxygenated blood to the heart muscle?

Levine sign (C) Signup and view all the answers

What determines which areas of the heart will be damaged in a heart attack?

The location of the coronary artery occlusion (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between chronic ischemic heart disease and acute ischemic heart disease?

Chronic ischemic heart disease develops gradually (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary predisposing factor for coronary heart disease?

Factors similar to those that predispose to atherosclerosis (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of unstable angina in terms of exertion?

It is triggered by less exertion (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between unstable angina and acute myocardial infarction?

Death of muscle cells (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of a plaque rupture in unstable angina?

Complete occlusion of the vessel (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment approach for unstable angina in the beginning?

Similar to that of acute myocardial infarction (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome if unstable angina does not respond to treatment?

It leads to a heart attack (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary driving force for blood flow in the human body?

Arterial blood pressure (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of acute coronary syndrome?

It comes on more quickly and is more severe (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors does not directly affect cardiac output?

Peripheral vascular resistance (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of unstable angina if the clot breaks down and blood flow is restored?

Symptoms go away (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of coronary heart disease?

It is not triggered by exertion (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main factor that determines peripheral vascular resistance?

Degree of arterial constriction (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which control mechanism is involved in regulating blood volume and vessel diameter, but not heart rate?

Kidneys (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the equation that relates blood pressure to cardiac output and peripheral vascular resistance?

BP = CO x PVR (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following centers is involved in parasympathetic-mediated decrease in heart rate?

Cardioinhibitory center (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term that refers to the amount of blood pumped out by the heart per minute?

Cardiac output (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which nervous system component receives input from other areas of the nervous system, such as the hypothalamus, and from arterial baroreceptors and chemoreceptors?

Medullary control centers (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the force of pressure that the heart must generate to eject blood from the heart determined by?

Arterial blood pressure (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that determines cardiac output?

Stroke volume (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the force with which ventricles pump, independent of effects of preload and afterload?

Cardiac contractility (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a positive inotrope?

Sympathetic stimulation (D) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to cardiac output when heart rate increases beyond a certain point?

It decreases due to decreased filling time (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary determinant of stroke volume?

Preload (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of a decrease in cardiac output?

No transportation can occur (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a requirement for blood flow through vessels?

Patent vessels (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the optimal ventricular volume for maximum force of contraction?

2.5 times normal resting length (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of a heart attack on the heart muscle?

Decreased contractility (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the mechanism that describes how preload affects stroke volume?

Frank-Starling mechanism (B) Signup and view all the answers