Cardiac Output and Heart Rate
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the coronary arteries?

  • To pump blood throughout the body
  • To regulate blood pressure
  • To facilitate the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
  • To carry blood to oxygenate/nourish the heart muscle (correct)
  • What is the most common pathological change that leads to coronary heart disease?

  • Vasospasm
  • Atherosclerosis (correct)
  • Disruption of atherosclerotic plaque
  • Thrombosis
  • What is the result of impaired blood flow in the coronary arteries?

  • Hypertension
  • Heart failure
  • Ischemia or infarction of heart muscle cells (correct)
  • Cardiac arrhythmia
  • What is the characteristic of angina that distinguishes it from infarction?

    <p>Reversible ischemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the chest pain that occurs due to a discrepancy between the supply and demand of oxygenated blood to the heart muscle?

    <p>Levine sign</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines which areas of the heart will be damaged in a heart attack?

    <p>The location of the coronary artery occlusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between chronic ischemic heart disease and acute ischemic heart disease?

    <p>Chronic ischemic heart disease develops gradually</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary predisposing factor for coronary heart disease?

    <p>Factors similar to those that predispose to atherosclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of unstable angina in terms of exertion?

    <p>It is triggered by less exertion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between unstable angina and acute myocardial infarction?

    <p>Death of muscle cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of a plaque rupture in unstable angina?

    <p>Complete occlusion of the vessel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment approach for unstable angina in the beginning?

    <p>Similar to that of acute myocardial infarction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome if unstable angina does not respond to treatment?

    <p>It leads to a heart attack</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary driving force for blood flow in the human body?

    <p>Arterial blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of acute coronary syndrome?

    <p>It comes on more quickly and is more severe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors does not directly affect cardiac output?

    <p>Peripheral vascular resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of unstable angina if the clot breaks down and blood flow is restored?

    <p>Symptoms go away</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of coronary heart disease?

    <p>It is not triggered by exertion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main factor that determines peripheral vascular resistance?

    <p>Degree of arterial constriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which control mechanism is involved in regulating blood volume and vessel diameter, but not heart rate?

    <p>Kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation that relates blood pressure to cardiac output and peripheral vascular resistance?

    <p>BP = CO x PVR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following centers is involved in parasympathetic-mediated decrease in heart rate?

    <p>Cardioinhibitory center</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term that refers to the amount of blood pumped out by the heart per minute?

    <p>Cardiac output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nervous system component receives input from other areas of the nervous system, such as the hypothalamus, and from arterial baroreceptors and chemoreceptors?

    <p>Medullary control centers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the force of pressure that the heart must generate to eject blood from the heart determined by?

    <p>Arterial blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that determines cardiac output?

    <p>Stroke volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the force with which ventricles pump, independent of effects of preload and afterload?

    <p>Cardiac contractility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a positive inotrope?

    <p>Sympathetic stimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to cardiac output when heart rate increases beyond a certain point?

    <p>It decreases due to decreased filling time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary determinant of stroke volume?

    <p>Preload</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of a decrease in cardiac output?

    <p>No transportation can occur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a requirement for blood flow through vessels?

    <p>Patent vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the optimal ventricular volume for maximum force of contraction?

    <p>2.5 times normal resting length</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a heart attack on the heart muscle?

    <p>Decreased contractility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the mechanism that describes how preload affects stroke volume?

    <p>Frank-Starling mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the amount of blood in the ventricle ready to be pumped out with each beat?

    <p>Preload</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is affected by the interaction of actin and myosin fibers?

    <p>Contractility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a negative inotrope?

    <p>Hypoxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the amount of blood pumped out with each beat?

    <p>Stroke volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that determines heart rate?

    <p>Autonomic nervous system activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

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