40 Questions
What is the primary function of the coronary arteries?
To carry blood to oxygenate/nourish the heart muscle
What is the most common pathological change that leads to coronary heart disease?
Atherosclerosis
What is the result of impaired blood flow in the coronary arteries?
Ischemia or infarction of heart muscle cells
What is the characteristic of angina that distinguishes it from infarction?
Reversible ischemia
What is the term for the chest pain that occurs due to a discrepancy between the supply and demand of oxygenated blood to the heart muscle?
Levine sign
What determines which areas of the heart will be damaged in a heart attack?
The location of the coronary artery occlusion
What is the difference between chronic ischemic heart disease and acute ischemic heart disease?
Chronic ischemic heart disease develops gradually
What is the primary predisposing factor for coronary heart disease?
Factors similar to those that predispose to atherosclerosis
What is the characteristic of unstable angina in terms of exertion?
It is triggered by less exertion
What is the primary difference between unstable angina and acute myocardial infarction?
Death of muscle cells
What is the consequence of a plaque rupture in unstable angina?
Complete occlusion of the vessel
What is the treatment approach for unstable angina in the beginning?
Similar to that of acute myocardial infarction
What is the outcome if unstable angina does not respond to treatment?
It leads to a heart attack
What is the primary driving force for blood flow in the human body?
Arterial blood pressure
What is the characteristic of acute coronary syndrome?
It comes on more quickly and is more severe
Which of the following factors does not directly affect cardiac output?
Peripheral vascular resistance
What is the outcome of unstable angina if the clot breaks down and blood flow is restored?
Symptoms go away
What is the characteristic of coronary heart disease?
It is not triggered by exertion
What is the main factor that determines peripheral vascular resistance?
Degree of arterial constriction
Which control mechanism is involved in regulating blood volume and vessel diameter, but not heart rate?
Kidneys
What is the equation that relates blood pressure to cardiac output and peripheral vascular resistance?
BP = CO x PVR
Which of the following centers is involved in parasympathetic-mediated decrease in heart rate?
Cardioinhibitory center
What is the term that refers to the amount of blood pumped out by the heart per minute?
Cardiac output
Which nervous system component receives input from other areas of the nervous system, such as the hypothalamus, and from arterial baroreceptors and chemoreceptors?
Medullary control centers
What is the force of pressure that the heart must generate to eject blood from the heart determined by?
Arterial blood pressure
What is the primary factor that determines cardiac output?
Stroke volume
What is the term for the force with which ventricles pump, independent of effects of preload and afterload?
Cardiac contractility
What is an example of a positive inotrope?
Sympathetic stimulation
What happens to cardiac output when heart rate increases beyond a certain point?
It decreases due to decreased filling time
What is the primary determinant of stroke volume?
Preload
What is a consequence of a decrease in cardiac output?
No transportation can occur
What is a requirement for blood flow through vessels?
Patent vessels
What is the optimal ventricular volume for maximum force of contraction?
2.5 times normal resting length
What is the result of a heart attack on the heart muscle?
Decreased contractility
What is the name of the mechanism that describes how preload affects stroke volume?
Frank-Starling mechanism
What is the term for the amount of blood in the ventricle ready to be pumped out with each beat?
Preload
What is affected by the interaction of actin and myosin fibers?
Contractility
What is an example of a negative inotrope?
Hypoxia
What is the term for the amount of blood pumped out with each beat?
Stroke volume
What is the primary factor that determines heart rate?
Autonomic nervous system activity
Learn about the efficiency of the heart as a pump, measured by cardiac output (CO), and how it relates to heart rate (HR) and stroke volume (SV). Understand the role of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in regulating cardiac output.
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