Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following physiological responses would directly lead to an increase in cardiac output?
Which of the following physiological responses would directly lead to an increase in cardiac output?
- Increased venous return (correct)
- Decreased blood volume due to hemorrhage
- Increased renal activity (conservation of Na+ and water)
- Increased parasympathetic nervous system activity
In a patient experiencing crisis stressors such as emotional trauma, which mechanism would initially contribute to an increase in cardiac output?
In a patient experiencing crisis stressors such as emotional trauma, which mechanism would initially contribute to an increase in cardiac output?
- Decreased heart rate
- Increased inhibition of the sympathetic nervous system
- Reduced blood volume
- Increased activity of the muscular pump and respiratory pump (correct)
How does increased sympathetic nervous system activity affect both heart rate (HR) and stroke volume (SV) to regulate cardiac output?
How does increased sympathetic nervous system activity affect both heart rate (HR) and stroke volume (SV) to regulate cardiac output?
- Decreases both HR and SV
- Decreases HR and increases SV
- Increases HR and decreases SV
- Increases both HR and SV (correct)
Why might a patient with endocarditis experience a new heart murmur?
Why might a patient with endocarditis experience a new heart murmur?
In the context of endocarditis, how do bacteria typically gain entry to the bloodstream?
In the context of endocarditis, how do bacteria typically gain entry to the bloodstream?
What is a primary reason why individuals with pre-existing heart valve damage are at a higher risk of developing endocarditis?
What is a primary reason why individuals with pre-existing heart valve damage are at a higher risk of developing endocarditis?
Which of the following symptoms is commonly associated with endocarditis?
Which of the following symptoms is commonly associated with endocarditis?
What age-related change primarily contributes to a decline in cardiac reserve?
What age-related change primarily contributes to a decline in cardiac reserve?
Which of the following is a direct cause of congestive heart failure (CHF)?
Which of the following is a direct cause of congestive heart failure (CHF)?
What physiological consequence occurs when the right side of the heart fails in congestive heart failure?
What physiological consequence occurs when the right side of the heart fails in congestive heart failure?
What role does LDL play in the development of atherosclerosis?
What role does LDL play in the development of atherosclerosis?
Which treatment is commonly used to relieve stenosis in coronary arteries?
Which treatment is commonly used to relieve stenosis in coronary arteries?
Which factor is most directly responsible for the ischemia that leads to myocardial infarction?
Which factor is most directly responsible for the ischemia that leads to myocardial infarction?
Why is myocardial tissue unable to repair itself after a myocardial infarction?
Why is myocardial tissue unable to repair itself after a myocardial infarction?
What is a common indicator of a transient ischemic attack (TIA) that may signal a potential myocardial infarction?
What is a common indicator of a transient ischemic attack (TIA) that may signal a potential myocardial infarction?
Which of the following is a typical effect of age-related fibrosis of cardiac muscle?
Which of the following is a typical effect of age-related fibrosis of cardiac muscle?
Which of the following best describes how atherosclerosis can lead to myocardial infarction?
Which of the following best describes how atherosclerosis can lead to myocardial infarction?
Following a myocardial infarction, which compensatory mechanisms are commonly used in treatment?
Following a myocardial infarction, which compensatory mechanisms are commonly used in treatment?
In endocarditis, what structural change might a physician observe on the heart valves using echocardiography?
In endocarditis, what structural change might a physician observe on the heart valves using echocardiography?
Which of the following is most likely to result from untreated severe atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries?
Which of the following is most likely to result from untreated severe atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries?
Flashcards
Endocarditis
Endocarditis
A condition where germs enter the bloodstream, travel to the heart, and lodge on abnormal heart valves or damaged heart tissue.
Endocarditis Symptoms
Endocarditis Symptoms
A symptom of endocarditis which include fever, chills, weakness, fatigue and aching joints.
Age-Related Heart Changes
Age-Related Heart Changes
Sclerosis and thickening of valve flaps, decline in cardiac reserve, fibrosis of cardiac muscle, and atherosclerosis.
Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
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Atherosclerosis (CAD)
Atherosclerosis (CAD)
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Myocardial Infarction
Myocardial Infarction
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Necrosis (death) of myocardium
Necrosis (death) of myocardium
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Cardiac Output (CO)
Cardiac Output (CO)
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End-Diastolic Volume (EDV)
End-Diastolic Volume (EDV)
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Autonomic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System
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Study Notes
Regulation of Cardiac Output
- Cardiac output regulation involves factors like muscular pump activity, respiratory pump activity, renal activity, and blood volume
- Crisis stressors, such as exercise or trauma, increase cardiac output
- Low blood volume inhibits cardiac output
- Chemicals, like bloodborne thyroxine and epinephrine, increase cardiac output
- Sympathetic nervous system activity increases contractility and heart rate
- The parasympathetic nervous system controls heart rate via the cardioinhibitory center
- Stroke volume (SV) is the amount of blood ejected per beat
- Heart rate (HR) is the number of beats per minute
Endocarditis
- Endocarditis occurs when germs enter the bloodstream and lodge on abnormal heart valves or damaged heart tissue
- Bacteria are the most common cause, but fungi and viruses may also be responsible
- Bacteria from dental procedures or infections can enter the bloodstream
- Certain medical procedures can introduce bacteria into the bloodstream
- Common activities can allow bacteria to enter the bloodstream
- Babies can be born with defects in the septum
Symptoms of Endocarditis
- Fever
- Chills
- Weakness
- Fatigue
- Aching joints and muscles
- Night sweats
- Shortness of breath
- Paleness
- Persistent cough
- Swelling in the feet, legs, or abdomen
- Unexplained weight loss
- Blood in urine
- A new heart murmur
- Tenderness in the spleen
Age-Related Changes Affecting the Heart
- Sclerosis and thickening of valve flaps can occur
- There is a decline in cardiac reserve
- Fibrosis of cardiac muscle can occur
- Atherosclerosis, a condition where the arteries narrow due to plaque buildup, can happen
Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
- Congestive heart failure can be caused by coronary atherosclerosis, increased blood pressure in the aorta, successive myocardial infarcts, and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)
- If the right side of the heart fails, peripheral congestion occurs because blood cannot return from the body to the right atrium, causing edema in the extremities
- Myocardium weakens with heart failure
- Temporary treatment involves lowering blood volume, reducing exertion, and lowering blood pressure
Atherosclerosis (CAD)
- Coronary arteries are blocked from the deposition of LDL due to tissue insult of the tunica interna
- Stenosis is relieved by balloon angioplasty, insertion of a stent, or coronary bypass
Myocardial Infarction
- Ischemia (holding back blood) is due to a stenosis caused by atherosclerosis
- Lack of blood passing results in angina pectoris, which is usually an indicator of a transient ischemic attack (TIA)
- Necrosis (death) of the myocardium due to ischemia is associated with the stenosis
- Myocardia is an amitotic, and therefore will not repair itself; it forms scar tissue instead
- Seriousness depends on the location and extent of damage
- Treatment involves dealing with stenosis, vasodilators, beta-blockers, heart transplant, or LVAD
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