130 Questions
What is the term for the point of maximum impulse of the heart?
Thrill
Which term refers to the abnormal sound heard on auscultation of a blood vessel?
Bruit
What is the term for the inadequate blood supply to the tissues, often due to a narrowed or blocked artery?
Ischemic
Which term refers to the swelling of the terminal phalanges of the fingers and toes, often associated with chronic hypoxia?
Clubbing
What is the term for the volume and pressure inside the heart at the end of diastole, before the next contraction?
Preload
Which term refers to the abnormal heart rhythm?
Dysrhythmias
Which structure anchors the tricuspid and mitral valves to the ventricle floor?
Chordae tendineae
What controls the heart's rhythm by generating the beat of the atria?
Sinoatrial (SA) node
Which valve separates the right atrium and the right ventricle?
Tricuspid valve
What is the usual ratio of systolic to diastolic to pulse pressure?
3:2:1
What generates the beat of the ventricles at a slower rate than the atria?
Atrioventricular (AV) node
What hormone is released from the posterior pituitary to directly increase water reabsorption by the kidneys?
Antidiuretic hormone
What is responsible for providing oxygenated blood to the myocardium?
Coronary circulation
What initiates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism, raising blood pressure?
Renin
Which part of the heart is responsible for generating approximately five times the force of the other part?
Left ventricle
Which hormones increase cardiac output and cause vasoconstriction in skin and viscera?
Norepinephrine and epinephrine
What happens if blood flow through the kidneys decreases?
Renal filtration and urinary output decrease to preserve blood volume
What is the effect of atrial natriuretic peptide on blood pressure?
It decreases blood pressure
What primarily regulates the diameter of arteries?
Sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
What is the function of precapillary sphincters?
Regulate blood flow through a capillary network
How is blood pressure measured?
In millimeters of mercury (mm Hg), systolic over diastolic
What is the normal average of systemic arterial pressure?
120/80 mm Hg
What primarily affects blood pressure?
Heart rate, force, and the strength of the heart's contractions
What is the function of capillaries in the cardiovascular system?
Permit exchanges of gases, nutrients, and waste products between the blood and tissues
What is the average resting cardiac output in liters per minute?
5 to 6 L/min
What is the average ejection fraction as a percentage of the total amount of blood within the left ventricle that is ejected with every heartbeat?
55% to 70%
What is the role of the sinoatrial (SA) node in the cardiac conduction pathway?
Initiates each heartbeat
What effect does stretching of the ventricular myocardium have during exercise?
Increases stroke volume and heart rate
Which hormone increases the heart rate and force of contraction?
Epinephrine
Which part of the medulla sends impulses through the parasympathetic nervous system to slow the heart rate?
Inhibitory center
What is the term for the inability of the heart to pump a sufficient amount of blood to meet the body's metabolic demands?
Cardiogenic shock
Which term refers to the inability of the heart to maintain adequate circulation of blood to meet the body's needs?
Cardiogenic shock
What is the formula to calculate cardiac output?
Cardiac Output = Heart Rate × Stroke Volume
What is the term for the phenomenon where the pulse becomes weaker during inspiration and stronger during expiration?
Pulsus paradoxus
What is the average resting cardiac output in liters per minute?
5 to 6 L per minute
Which term refers to the alternating strong and weak pulses, usually related to severe left ventricular failure?
Pulsus alternans
What is the average ejection fraction as a percentage of the total amount of blood within the left ventricle that is ejected with every heartbeat?
55% to 70%
What is the term for the condition characterized by a biphasic pulse, often associated with aortic regurgitation?
Pulsus bisferiens
What initiates each heartbeat in the cardiac conduction pathway?
Sinoatrial (SA) node
Which term refers to the decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressure upon standing, often leading to dizziness or syncope?
Orthostatic hypotension
What happens to the heart rate and stroke volume during exercise?
Increase
Which hormone increases the heart rate and force of contraction?
Epinephrine
What is the typical ratio of systolic to diastolic to pulse pressure?
3:2:1
What hormone directly increases water reabsorption by the kidneys, thus increasing blood volume and blood pressure?
Antidiuretic hormone
Which hormones increase cardiac output and cause vasoconstriction in skin and viscera?
Norepinephrine and epinephrine
What initiates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism, raising blood pressure?
Decreased blood pressure
Which hormone is released from the posterior pituitary to directly increase water reabsorption by the kidneys?
Antidiuretic hormone
What is the effect of atrial natriuretic peptide on blood pressure?
Decreases blood pressure
What primarily regulates the diameter of arteries?
Sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
What is the term for the volume and pressure inside the heart at the end of diastole, before the next contraction?
End-diastolic volume
What happens if blood flow through the kidneys decreases?
Decreased urine production
What is the effect of atrial natriuretic peptide on blood pressure?
Decreases blood pressure
What is the usual ratio of systolic to diastolic to pulse pressure?
3:1:2
What is the term for the swelling of the terminal phalanges of the fingers and toes, often associated with chronic hypoxia?
Clubbing
Which structure provides oxygenated blood to the myocardium and returns deoxygenated blood to the right atrium?
Coronary sinus
What anchors the tricuspid and mitral valves to the ventricle floor?
Chordae tendineae
What generates the beat of the ventricles at a slower rate than the atria?
Atrioventricular (AV) node
What causes the first of the two major heart sounds, 'lubb'?
Closure of the AV valves during ventricular systole
What is responsible for pumping blood through the aortic semilunar valve to the body?
Left ventricle
What controls the heart's rhythm by generating the beat of the atria?
Sinoatrial (SA) node
Which term refers to the abnormal sound heard on auscultation of a blood vessel?
Bruit
What is the term for the swelling of the terminal phalanges of the fingers and toes, often associated with chronic hypoxia?
Clubbing
What is the term for the alternating strong and weak pulses, usually related to severe left ventricular failure?
Pulse deficit
What is the term for the volume and pressure inside the heart at the end of diastole, before the next contraction?
Preload
What is the term for the point of maximum impulse of the heart?
Point of maximum impulse
What is the term for the abnormal heart rhythm?
Dysrhythmias
What is the typical ratio of systolic to diastolic to pulse pressure?
3:2:1
What hormone directly increases water reabsorption by the kidneys, thus increasing blood volume and blood pressure?
Antidiuretic hormone
Which hormones increase cardiac output and cause vasoconstriction in skin and viscera?
Norepinephrine and epinephrine
What initiates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism, raising blood pressure?
Decreased blood pressure
What effect does stretching of the ventricular myocardium have during exercise?
Increases heart rate
What is the function of atrial natriuretic peptide on blood pressure?
Decreases blood pressure
What primarily regulates the diameter of arteries?
Sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
What is the normal average of systemic arterial pressure?
120/80 mm Hg
What is the term for the point of maximum impulse of the heart?
Point of maximal impulse (PMI)
What is the term for the phenomenon where the pulse becomes weaker during inspiration and stronger during expiration?
Pulsus paradoxus
What is the term for the inadequate blood supply to the tissues, often due to a narrowed or blocked artery?
Ischemia
What is the effect of stretching of the ventricular myocardium during exercise?
Increases stroke volume
What is the term for the volume and pressure inside the heart at the end of diastole, before the next contraction?
End-diastolic volume
What anchors the tricuspid and mitral valves to the ventricle floor?
Chordae tendineae
What primarily regulates the diameter of arteries?
Nitric oxide
What is the term for the condition characterized by a biphasic pulse, often associated with aortic regurgitation?
Pulsus alternans
What is the average ejection fraction as a percentage of the total amount of blood within the left ventricle that is ejected with every heartbeat?
60-65%
What is the term for the swelling of the terminal phalanges of the fingers and toes, often associated with chronic hypoxia?
Clubbing
What is the formula to calculate cardiac output?
Cardiac Output = Stroke Volume $\times$ Heart Rate
What is the typical range for ejection fraction, a measure of ventricular efficiency?
50% to 70%
What is the role of the atrioventricular (AV) node in the cardiac conduction pathway?
To slow the impulse to allow the atria time to contract and the ventricles to fill with blood
What effect does epinephrine have on the heart?
Increases the heart rate and force of contraction
What happens to cardiac output during exercise?
Increases
What is the function of the precapillary sphincters in the cardiovascular system?
Regulate blood flow into capillaries
What is the term for the inability of the heart to pump a sufficient amount of blood to meet the body's metabolic demands?
Dysrhythmias
Which term refers to the abnormal sound heard on auscultation of a blood vessel?
Murmur
What is the term for the point of maximum impulse of the heart?
Point of maximum impulse
What is the term for the volume and pressure inside the heart at the end of diastole, before the next contraction?
Preload
Which term refers to the alternating strong and weak pulses, usually related to severe left ventricular failure?
Pulse deficit
What is the term for the condition characterized by a biphasic pulse, often associated with aortic regurgitation?
Thrill
What primarily regulates the diameter of arteries?
Sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
What is the normal average of systemic arterial pressure?
120/80 mm Hg
What primarily affects blood pressure?
Heart rate and force of heart's contractions
What is the force of the blood against the walls of the blood vessels measured in?
Millimeters of mercury (mm Hg)
What regulates the blood flow through a capillary network?
Precapillary sphincters
What primarily carries blood from capillaries to the heart?
Venules
What is the formula to calculate cardiac output?
$ ext{Cardiac output} = ext{Heart rate} imes ext{Stroke volume}$
What primarily regulates the diameter of arteries?
Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
What is the typical range for ejection fraction, a measure of ventricular efficiency?
50% to 70%
What primarily controls the heart's rhythm by generating the beat of the atria?
Sinoatrial (SA) node
What effect does epinephrine have on the heart?
Increases the heart rate and force of contraction
What happens to cardiac output during exercise?
Increases
What is the term for the simultaneous contraction and relaxation of the atria and ventricles, creating the normal heart sounds?
Systole
What anchors the tricuspid and mitral valves to the ventricle floor?
Chordae tendineae
What generates the beat of the ventricles at a slower rate than the atria?
Atrioventricular (AV) node
What primarily affects the difference in systemic and pulmonary blood pressure?
Thicker walls of the left ventricle
What is the term for the inability of the heart to maintain adequate circulation of blood to meet the body's needs?
Heart failure
What is the term for the alternating strong and weak pulses, usually related to severe left ventricular failure?
Pulsus alternans
What is the typical ratio of systolic to diastolic to pulse pressure?
3:2:1
Which hormone directly increases water reabsorption by the kidneys, thus increasing blood volume and blood pressure?
Aldosterone
What hormone, released from the posterior pituitary, directly increases water reabsorption by the kidneys, thus increasing blood volume and blood pressure?
Antidiuretic hormone
Which hormones increase cardiac output and cause vasoconstriction in skin and viscera?
Norepinephrine and Epinephrine
What primarily affects blood pressure?
Renin
What hormone is involved in directly increasing water reabsorption by the kidneys, thus increasing blood volume and blood pressure?
Antidiuretic hormone
True or false: The usual ratio of systolic to diastolic to pulse pressure is 3:2:1.
True
True or false: Decreased blood pressure stimulates the kidneys to secrete renin, which initiates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism, raising blood pressure.
True
True or false: Norepinephrine and epinephrine increase cardiac output and cause vasoconstriction in skin and viscera.
True
True or false: Antidiuretic hormone, released from the posterior pituitary, directly increases water reabsorption by the kidneys, thus increasing blood volume and blood pressure.
True
True or false: Atrial natriuretic peptide has no effect on blood pressure.
False
True or false: The kidneys are not of great importance in the regulation of blood pressure.
False
True or false: Atrial natriuretic peptide decreases blood pressure.
True
True or false: Renin is not secreted when blood flow through the kidneys decreases.
False
True or false: Other hormones that affect blood pressure include those of the adrenal medulla, norepinephrine and epinephrine, which decrease cardiac output and cause vasodilation in skin and viscera.
False
True or false: Decreased blood pressure inhibits the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism.
False
Study Notes
Cardiac Output and Conduction Pathway
- Cardiac output is determined by multiplying stroke volume by heart rate, with an average resting cardiac output of 5 to 6 L per minute.
- Stroke volume, the amount of blood ejected by a ventricle in one contraction, averages 60 to 80 mL/beat.
- Ejection fraction, a measure of ventricular efficiency, is normally 55% to 70% of the total amount of blood within the left ventricle that is ejected with every heartbeat.
- The cardiac conduction pathway involves the sinoatrial (SA) node, which is autorhythmic and depolarizes about 100 times per minute, initiating each heartbeat.
- The SA node is called the pacemaker, and a normal heartbeat is called a normal sinus rhythm.
- Impulses travel from the SA node to the atrioventricular (AV) node, where the impulse slows considerably to allow the atria time to contract completely and the ventricles to fill with blood.
- The heart’s skeleton insulates the ventricles, ensuring that only impulses passing through the AV node can enter.
- During exercise, venous return increases, stretching the ventricular myocardium, causing an increase in stroke volume and heart rate, leading to an increase in cardiac output.
- The nervous system can change the heart rate in response to environmental circumstances, with the medulla oblongata receiving sensory input and altering heart function.
- Epinephrine increases the heart rate and force of contraction, while atrial natriuretic peptide increases the excretion of sodium by the kidneys, reducing blood volume and pressure.
- Arteries and arterioles carry blood from the heart to capillaries, with their walls consisting of three layers.
- The cardiac center in the medulla contains an acceleratory center and an inhibitory center, which send impulses through the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems to accelerate or slow the heart rate, respectively.
Anatomy and Physiology of the Cardiovascular System
- The cardiovascular system comprises the heart, blood, and vessels, responsible for distributing blood throughout the body.
- The heart is located within the thoracic cavity and is enclosed by the fibrous pericardium, parietal pericardium, and visceral pericardium.
- The walls of the heart's chambers are made of myocardium and lined with endocardium, which also covers the valves and continues into the blood vessels.
- Coronary circulation provides oxygenated blood to the myocardium and returns deoxygenated blood to the right atrium through the coronary sinus.
- Blood flows from the right atrium through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle, then through the pulmonary semilunar valve to the lungs, and from the left atrium through the mitral valve into the left ventricle.
- The left ventricle pumps blood through the aortic semilunar valve to the body via the aorta, generating approximately five times the force of the right ventricle.
- The tricuspid and mitral valves consist of three and two cusps, respectively, anchored to the ventricle floor by chordae tendineae and papillary muscles.
- Each ventricle pumps the same amount of blood, but the left ventricle has much thicker walls and pumps with greater force, leading to the difference in systemic and pulmonary blood pressure.
- The heart's rhythm is controlled by the sinoatrial (SA) node, which generates the beat of the atria, and the atrioventricular (AV) node, which generates the beat of the ventricles at a slower rate.
- The cardiac cycle involves the simultaneous contraction and relaxation of the atria and ventricles, creating the normal heart sounds.
- The first of the two major sounds, "lubb," is caused by the closure of the AV valves during ventricular systole.
- The cardiovascular system plays a crucial role in the distribution of blood and oxygen throughout the body, with the heart as the central organ responsible for pumping blood.
Cardiac Output and Conduction Pathway
- Cardiac output is determined by multiplying stroke volume by heart rate, with an average resting cardiac output of 5 to 6 L per minute.
- Stroke volume, the amount of blood ejected by a ventricle in one contraction, averages 60 to 80 mL/beat.
- Ejection fraction, a measure of ventricular efficiency, is normally 55% to 70% of the total amount of blood within the left ventricle that is ejected with every heartbeat.
- The cardiac conduction pathway involves the sinoatrial (SA) node, which is autorhythmic and depolarizes about 100 times per minute, initiating each heartbeat.
- The SA node is called the pacemaker, and a normal heartbeat is called a normal sinus rhythm.
- Impulses travel from the SA node to the atrioventricular (AV) node, where the impulse slows considerably to allow the atria time to contract completely and the ventricles to fill with blood.
- The heart’s skeleton insulates the ventricles, ensuring that only impulses passing through the AV node can enter.
- During exercise, venous return increases, stretching the ventricular myocardium, causing an increase in stroke volume and heart rate, leading to an increase in cardiac output.
- The nervous system can change the heart rate in response to environmental circumstances, with the medulla oblongata receiving sensory input and altering heart function.
- Epinephrine increases the heart rate and force of contraction, while atrial natriuretic peptide increases the excretion of sodium by the kidneys, reducing blood volume and pressure.
- Arteries and arterioles carry blood from the heart to capillaries, with their walls consisting of three layers.
- The cardiac center in the medulla contains an acceleratory center and an inhibitory center, which send impulses through the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems to accelerate or slow the heart rate, respectively.
Anatomy and Physiology of the Cardiovascular System
- The cardiovascular system comprises the heart, blood, and vessels, responsible for distributing blood throughout the body.
- The heart is located within the thoracic cavity and is enclosed by the fibrous pericardium, parietal pericardium, and visceral pericardium.
- The walls of the heart's chambers are made of myocardium and lined with endocardium, which also covers the valves and continues into the blood vessels.
- Coronary circulation provides oxygenated blood to the myocardium and returns deoxygenated blood to the right atrium through the coronary sinus.
- Blood flows from the right atrium through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle, then through the pulmonary semilunar valve to the lungs, and from the left atrium through the mitral valve into the left ventricle.
- The left ventricle pumps blood through the aortic semilunar valve to the body via the aorta, generating approximately five times the force of the right ventricle.
- The tricuspid and mitral valves consist of three and two cusps, respectively, anchored to the ventricle floor by chordae tendineae and papillary muscles.
- Each ventricle pumps the same amount of blood, but the left ventricle has much thicker walls and pumps with greater force, leading to the difference in systemic and pulmonary blood pressure.
- The heart's rhythm is controlled by the sinoatrial (SA) node, which generates the beat of the atria, and the atrioventricular (AV) node, which generates the beat of the ventricles at a slower rate.
- The cardiac cycle involves the simultaneous contraction and relaxation of the atria and ventricles, creating the normal heart sounds.
- The first of the two major sounds, "lubb," is caused by the closure of the AV valves during ventricular systole.
- The cardiovascular system plays a crucial role in the distribution of blood and oxygen throughout the body, with the heart as the central organ responsible for pumping blood.
Test your knowledge of cardiac output and the cardiac conduction pathway with this quiz. Explore topics such as stroke volume, ejection fraction, the SA node, AV node, and factors influencing heart rate and cardiac output.
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