109 Questions
Which type of muscle has larger T-tubules, cardiac muscle or skeletal muscle?
Cardiac muscle
What percentage of the influx of calcium ions (Ca2+) contributes to the contraction of cardiac muscle?
10%
What is the role of L-type dihydropyridine (DHP) channels in cardiac muscle contraction?
They open in response to action potential, allowing calcium influx
Which type of muscle has T-tubules that are 25 times more voluminous?
Cardiac muscle
What causes the release of calcium ions (Ca2+) from the sarcoplasmic reticulum in cardiac muscle?
Activation of ryanodine release channels
Which type of muscle has mucopolysaccharides that sequester calcium ions (Ca2+)?
Cardiac muscle
What is the topic of lecture 3 in the course?
Cardiac contractility and the cardiac cycle
What does ANS stand for in the context of the lecture?
Autonomic Nervous System
What is the main focus of the lecture on excitation/contraction coupling?
Effects of sympathetic nerves on contractility
What is the main topic of lecture 9 in the course?
Exercise and blood flow through special regions
Which of the following is NOT a physiological property of the heart?
Vasculature
What is the main function of the cardiovascular system?
Homeostasis
Which component of the cardiovascular system integrates overall activity with the respiratory and renal systems?
CNS
What are the features of cardiac muscle?
Larger T-tubules compared to skeletal muscle
What is the topic of lecture 1 in the course?
Circulation of blood
What is the main focus of the lecture on excitation/contraction coupling?
Cardiac contractility
What causes the release of calcium ions (Ca2+) from the sarcoplasmic reticulum in cardiac muscle?
Autonomic nerves
Which type of muscle has T-tubules that are 25 times more voluminous?
Cardiac muscle
What is the topic of lecture 2 in the course?
Regulation and integration
What does CNS stand for in the context of the lecture?
Central Nervous System
Which of the following is NOT a feature of the microcirculation?
Venules
Which of the following is true about the valves of the heart?
Atrioventricular valves are attached to chordae tendineae
What is the ultimate function of the cardiovascular system?
To ensure adequate blood flow through the capillaries
Which type of muscle is cardiac muscle most similar to?
Skeletal muscle
What is the role of intercalated discs in cardiac muscle?
To allow for the easy transfer of ions between cells
Which of the following is NOT a function of the conduction network in cardiac muscle?
To depolarize and contract synchronously
Which of the following is true about the distribution and flow of blood through the pulmonary and systemic circulations?
Capillaries are the ultimate destination of blood flow
Which of the following is NOT a feature of the cardiovascular system?
Blood vessels do not vary in diameter
Which of the following is true about the parallel arrangement of blood vessels?
It allows for independent regulation of blood flow to different organs
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of cardiac muscle?
Larger fibers with multiple nuclei
Which of the following factors determine the magnitude of pulse pressure?
All of the above
Which of the following factors affects the flow of a fluid through a vessel?
All of the above
Which equation represents the relationship between arterial pressure, cardiac output, and total peripheral resistance?
Arterial pressure = cardiac output x total peripheral resistance
What is the equation for mean arterial blood pressure (MABP)?
MABP = Diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure
Which of the following statements is true about cardiac output?
Cardiac output depends on venous return
Which variable(s) in the Poiseuille equation define mean arterial blood pressure?
Blood viscosity, vessel length, and vessel radius
What is the equation for calculating resistance in the pulmonary and systemic circulations?
Systemic = 120/75, Pulmonary = 26/8
Which of the following is NOT a factor that generates resistance to flow in the cardiovascular system?
Blood pressure
Which of the following is true about arterial compliance?
Arterial compliance decreases with age
Which of the following is true about the relationship between vessel radius and blood flow?
Small changes in vessel radius have a large effect on blood flow
Which of the following equations represents the relationship between stroke volume (SV), heart rate (HR), and cardiac output (CO)?
CO = SV x HR
What is the equation for mean arterial blood pressure (MABP)?
MABP = Diastolic pressure + Pulse pressure
Which of the following mechanisms is responsible for self-regulation of stroke volume?
Frank-Starling mechanism
Which of the following factors determine the magnitude of pulse pressure?
Cardiac output
What is the main function of the Frank-Starling mechanism?
Automatic balancing between cardiac output from left-side of heart to volume returning to right-side
Which of the following equations represents the relationship between mean arterial blood pressure (MABP), diastolic pressure (DP), and pulse pressure (PP)?
MABP = DP + PP
What is the role of sympathetic nerves in the control of cardiac output?
Inotropic stimulation
Which of the following factors affect the flow of a fluid through a vessel?
Resistance
What is the equation for calculating resistance in the pulmonary and systemic circulations?
Resistance = Pressure x Velocity
Which of the following is NOT a factor that generates resistance to flow in the cardiovascular system?
Heart rate
Which receptors sense central blood volume in the cardiovascular system?
Atria, ventricles, veins, and pulmonary vessels
What is the primary purpose of the baroreceptor reflex control in the cardiovascular system?
To reduce the minute-to-minute variations in arterial pulse
Which part of the cardiovascular system controls the integration of signals from baroreceptors?
Medullary cardiovascular control (MCVC) centre
Which nerves control the efferent sympathetic output in the reflex control of blood pressure?
Sympathetic nerves
Which effectors are targeted by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves in the reflex control of blood pressure?
All of the above
Which effectors are targeted by the sympathetic nerves in the reflex control of blood pressure?
All of the above
Which effectors are targeted by the parasympathetic nerves in the reflex control of blood pressure?
Heart
What is the main role of sympathetic vasoconstrictor tone in the cardiovascular system?
To keep blood vessels partially constricted
What is the main role of the Bainbridge reflex in the cardiovascular system?
To increase heart rate and contractility
What is the primary function of the cardiopulmonary baroreceptors in the cardiovascular system?
To sense central blood volume
Which of the following is true about the baroreceptors in the control of blood pressure?
Baroreceptors are located in the walls of the aorta and carotid artery.
What are the fundamental components of a reflex control system for blood pressure?
Internal variable to be maintained, receptors sensitive to change in the variable, afferent pathways from the receptors, an integrating center for the afferent inputs, efferent pathways from the integrating center, target effectors that alter their activities.
Which of the following is true about the feedback control of mean arterial pressure?
Baroreceptor activity increases when blood pressure increases.
What is the role of baroreceptors in the control of blood pressure?
Baroreceptors detect changes in blood pressure and send signals to the integrating center.
Which of the following is true about the control of blood pressure?
Control of blood pressure is required to maintain tissue perfusion across the whole body.
Which cranial nerve(s) do the afferent fibers from the baroreceptors follow?
Vagus (Xth cranial) nerve and glossopharyngeal (IXth cranial) nerve.
What is the firing rate of baroreceptors when blood pressure decreases?
The firing rate of baroreceptors decreases when blood pressure decreases.
What are the main locations of baroreceptors in the body?
Walls of aorta and carotid artery.
What is the main role of the control of blood pressure?
To maintain tissue perfusion across the whole body.
Which hormone is released from the kidneys in response to sympathetic nerve activation and renal artery hypotension?
Renin
Which two systems are involved in the long-term regulation of blood volume?
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and vasopressin
Which hormone acts on resistance vessels to increase total peripheral resistance?
Angiotensin II
What is the primary determinant of long-term regulation of blood pressure?
Renal output curve for salt and water
Which hormone stimulates the release of aldosterone from the adrenal glands, leading to increased sodium and water reabsorption?
Angiotensin II
What stimulates the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
Increased osmotic pressure and hypovolemia
Which hormone is released from the posterior pituitary and increases water permeability in renal collecting ducts, resulting in decreased urine production?
ADH
What inhibits the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
Atrial baroreceptors
Which hormone is released from the atria in response to stretch and helps oppose the effects of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system?
Atrial-natriuretic hormone
How does arterial pressure affect urinary volume?
Increased arterial pressure leads to increased urine production
Which hormone is synthesized and stored in muscle cells of the atria and released in response to stretch?
Atrial-natriuretic hormone
How does water and salt intake or output affect arterial pressure?
Increased water and salt intake leads to increased arterial pressure
Which hormone is released from the pituitary gland in response to angiotensin II and causes water retention?
ADH
What is the role of angiotensin II in the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
Angiotensin II stimulates the release of ADH
What is the main function of vasopressin (ADH)?
To increase water reabsorption in the kidneys
Which hormone is released from the kidney juxtaglomerular cells in response to decreased sodium in kidney distal tubules?
Renin
Which hormone is involved in the long-term regulation of blood pressure through control of blood volume?
Atrial-natriuretic hormone
What are the primary sensors for changes in blood volume and blood osmotic pressure?
Hypothalamic osmoreceptors
Which hormone is part of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and acts on the kidneys to constrict renal arteries and decrease blood flow via the kidneys?
Angiotensin II
What is the effect of hypotension on arterial baroreceptor firing?
Decreased arterial baroreceptor firing
Which of the following is NOT a learning outcome of the lecture on coronary circulation and conduction system?
Identify major branches of coronary arteries on angiograms
Which of the following is responsible for controlling the heart rate?
Conduction system of the heart
Why can't the heart use the oxygenated blood in its chambers?
Because it is not efficiently extracted by the myocardium
What is the effect of myocardial ischemia on the conducting system of the heart?
It causes the conducting system to slow down
Where is pain originating from the heart referred to?
To the left arm
What is the topic of lecture 2 in the course?
Conduction system of the heart
Which of the following statements about cardiac muscle is NOT true?
It has its own blood supply
What is the main function of the coronary arteries?
To supply oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle
Which artery is considered dominant in approximately 80% of people?
Right coronary artery (RCA)
What type of infarct can occur when there is an obstruction of the right coronary artery?
Posterior infarct
What is the main purpose of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty?
To increase blood flow through the coronary arteries
Which vein drains 60% of the venous blood of the heart into the right atrium?
Coronary sinus
Which of the following is true about the cardiac conduction system?
The SA node is the only conductive route through the fibrous skeleton.
Which of the following is NOT a nerve supply to the heart?
Cardioacceleratory and Cardioinhibitory centers in the Brainstem.
Which of the following is NOT a function of the nerve supply to the heart?
Decrease the heart rate.
Which of the following is true about referred pain in the heart?
Referred pain occurs due to the activation of general visceral afferents.
Which of the following is NOT a source of figures and images in the text?
Kelly&Petersen. Sectional Anatomy for Imaging Professionals.
Which of the following is true about the relationship between sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers in the nerve supply to the heart?
Sympathetic fibers increase the heart rate and force of contraction, while parasympathetic fibers decrease the heart rate.
Which of the following is true about the control of blood pressure?
The baroreceptor reflex control is the primary mechanism for regulating blood pressure.
Which of the following is NOT a physiological property of cardiac muscle?
Involuntary contraction
Test your knowledge on the production of force in cardiac muscle, its differences from skeletal muscle, and the influence of extrinsic sympathetic nerves. Understand the relationship between electrical activity and mechanical events in the cardiac cycle. Analyze cardiac volume/pressure diagrams and distinguish between the left and right sides of the heart.
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