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Questions and Answers
What is the correct sequence of events following the depolarization of transverse tubules in excitation-contraction coupling in cardiac muscle?
What is the correct sequence of events following the depolarization of transverse tubules in excitation-contraction coupling in cardiac muscle?
- Calcium ion influx through sarcolemma, Calcium release into cytosol, actin and myosin attach, thin myofilaments slide toward the middle of sarcomeres (correct)
- Calcium release into cytosol, actin and myosin attach, thin myofilaments slide toward the middle of sarcomeres, Calcium ion influx through sarcolemma
- Actin and myosin attach, Calcium release into cytosol, Calcium ion influx through sarcolemma, thin myofilaments slide toward the middle of sarcomeres
- thin myofilaments slide toward the middle of sarcomeres, Calcium release into cytosol, Calcium ion influx through sarcolemma, actin and myosin attach
The prolonged electrical depolarization of cardiac muscle cells that occurs during contraction is due primarily to the persistent influx of what ion?
The prolonged electrical depolarization of cardiac muscle cells that occurs during contraction is due primarily to the persistent influx of what ion?
Calcium
Which of the following are functions of blood plasma?
Which of the following are functions of blood plasma?
- Having plasma proteins that exert an osmotic pressure favoring fluid absorption into the capillaries
- Being in osmotic balance with red blood cells
- Providing clotting factors that are ready to be activated
- Transport of hormones
- All of the above (correct)
Which of the following statements describe Erythrocytes?
Which of the following statements describe Erythrocytes?
Based on the equation F = ΔP/R, the rate of fluid flow in a tube will increase if the pressure at the beginning is increased while the pressure at the end of the tube stays the same.
Based on the equation F = ΔP/R, the rate of fluid flow in a tube will increase if the pressure at the beginning is increased while the pressure at the end of the tube stays the same.
What change would most increase the resistance to blood flow in a blood vessel?
What change would most increase the resistance to blood flow in a blood vessel?
The pacemaker of the heart is normally what structure?
The pacemaker of the heart is normally what structure?
After sodium influx through Voltage-Gated channels occurs in ventricular cells, prolonged influx of calcium from the extracellular fluid occurs. No such calcium influx occurs in skeletal muscle cells.
After sodium influx through Voltage-Gated channels occurs in ventricular cells, prolonged influx of calcium from the extracellular fluid occurs. No such calcium influx occurs in skeletal muscle cells.
The QRS complex in an electrocardiogram best represents what?
The QRS complex in an electrocardiogram best represents what?
The absolute refractory period of cardiac muscle cells is much longer than the refractory period of skeletal muscle cells
The absolute refractory period of cardiac muscle cells is much longer than the refractory period of skeletal muscle cells
Closure of the atrioventricular valves occurs at the onset of the ventricular systole.
Closure of the atrioventricular valves occurs at the onset of the ventricular systole.
What occurs during isovolumetric ventricular contraction?
What occurs during isovolumetric ventricular contraction?
What best defines the cardiac output?
What best defines the cardiac output?
The frequency of action potentials generated by the SA node is increased by epinephrine.
The frequency of action potentials generated by the SA node is increased by epinephrine.
According to the Frank-Starling mechanism of the heart, stroke volume increases with increased venous return
According to the Frank-Starling mechanism of the heart, stroke volume increases with increased venous return
What determines the movement of blood in systemic veins?
What determines the movement of blood in systemic veins?
Which factor would NOT tend to increase systemic arterial blood pressure?
Which factor would NOT tend to increase systemic arterial blood pressure?
What is Atherosclerosis?
What is Atherosclerosis?
Flashcards
Cardiac Excitation-Contraction Sequence
Cardiac Excitation-Contraction Sequence
Calcium influx, calcium release into cytosol, actin-myosin binding, myofilament sliding.
Ion for Prolonged Cardiac Depolarization
Ion for Prolonged Cardiac Depolarization
Calcium ions.
Key Blood Plasma Functions
Key Blood Plasma Functions
Osmotic pressure, osmotic balance, clotting factors, hormone transport.
Erythrocyte Characteristics
Erythrocyte Characteristics
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Fluid Flow Equation (F = ΔP/R)
Fluid Flow Equation (F = ΔP/R)
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Greatest Increase in Blood Flow Resistance
Greatest Increase in Blood Flow Resistance
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Heart's Pacemaker
Heart's Pacemaker
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Action Potential Differences
Action Potential Differences
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QRS Complex Represents
QRS Complex Represents
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Cardiac Muscle Absolute Refractory Period
Cardiac Muscle Absolute Refractory Period
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Cardiac Cycle Key Event
Cardiac Cycle Key Event
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Isovolumetric Ventricular Contraction
Isovolumetric Ventricular Contraction
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Cardiac Output Definition
Cardiac Output Definition
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SA Node Action Potential Frequency
SA Node Action Potential Frequency
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Frank-Starling Mechanism
Frank-Starling Mechanism
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Systemic Vein Blood Movement
Systemic Vein Blood Movement
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NOT Increasing Systemic Arterial Pressure
NOT Increasing Systemic Arterial Pressure
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Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis
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Study Notes
- Study notes for exam 3 practice questions
Excitation-Contraction Coupling in Cardiac Muscle
- The correct sequence of events following the depolarization of transverse tubules involves:
- Calcium ion influx through the sarcolemma.
- Calcium release into the cytosol.
- Attachment of actin and myosin.
- Sliding of thin myofilaments toward the middle of sarcomeres.
Electrical Depolarization of Cardiac Muscle Cells
- Prolonged electrical depolarization during contraction is primarily due to a persistent influx of calcium ions.
Functions of Blood Plasma
- Key functions include:
- Maintaining osmotic pressure to favor fluid absorption into capillaries via plasma proteins.
- Maintaining osmotic balance with red blood cells.
- Providing readily available clotting factors.
- Hormones transport.
Description of Erythrocytes
- Erythrocytes (red blood cells):
- Are red in color.
- Have a high surface-to-volume ratio.
- Lack a nucleus when mature.
- Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood.
Fluid Flow Dynamics
- According to the equation F = ΔP/R, the rate of fluid flow in a tube increases if the pressure at the beginning increases while the pressure at the end stays constant.
Resistance to Blood Flow
- Reducing the diameter of a blood vessel by half would most increase resistance to blood flow.
Pacemaker of the Heart
- The sinoatrial node (SA node) is normally the heart's pacemaker.
Action Potentials in Cardiac vs. Skeletal Muscle
- A key difference is that ventricular cardiac muscle cells experience a prolonged influx of calcium from extracellular fluid after sodium influx, which does not occur in skeletal muscle cells.
QRS Complex in Electrocardiogram
- The QRS complex represents depolarization of the ventricles.
Refractory Period of Cardiac Muscle Cells
- The absolute refractory period is much longer in cardiac muscle cells than in skeletal muscle cells.
The Cardiac Cycle
- Closure of the atrioventricular valves marks the beginning of ventricular systole.
Isovolumetric Ventricular Contraction
- During this phase, there is no blood entering or leaving the ventricles.
Cardiac Output
- Cardiac output is defined as the product of heart rate and the volume ejected from the ventricle per cardiac cycle.
SA Node Action Potential Frequency
- Epinephrine increases the frequency of action potentials generated by the SA node.
Frank-Starling Mechanism
- According to this mechanism, stroke volume increases with increased venous return.
Movement of Blood in Systemic Veins
- Several factors determine this movement:
- Valves in the veins.
- Diaphragm movement, causing decreased thoracic and increased abdominal pressure.
- Blood pressure difference between systemic capillaries and the right atrium.
- Contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscles.
Factors Affecting Systemic Arterial Blood Pressure
- Increased parasympathetic stimulation of the heart does NOT increase systemic arterial blood pressure.
Atherosclerosis
- Atherosclerosis is the major cause of heart attacks.
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Description
Study notes covering excitation-contraction coupling in cardiac muscle, electrical depolarization, functions of blood plasma, and erythrocyte characteristics. Key topics include calcium ion dynamics, osmotic pressure maintenance, and red blood cell properties. These notes are designed for exam 3 preparation.
