30 Questions
What is the primary cause of myocardial ischemia?
Atherosclerosis
Which drug is commonly used in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease?
Statins
What is the major complication of myocardial infarction?
Arrhythmia
Which type of heart disease is present at birth?
Congenital heart disease
What is the primary method of treating acquired valvular heart disease?
Valve replacement surgery
Which layer of the heart provides support and divides the atria/ventricles to function independently?
Myocardium
What prevents backflow of blood into the atria when the ventricles contract?
Atrioventricular valves
Where is the heart located within the body?
Thoracic cavity
What controls the normal cardiac rhythm and the ability of the cardiac muscle to depolarize and contract?
$SA$ node
What supplies arterial blood to the heart, and where is it collected before being emptied into the right atrium?
$Coronary$ arteries; collected by cardiac veins and emptied into coronary sinus
Which of the following is a characteristic of infective endocarditis?
It typically presents as subacute bacterial infection affecting heart valves.
What can lead to hypotension and pulmonary congestion?
Decreased blood volume due to atrial fibrillation.
What can trigger a heart attack?
Coronary artery blockage from thrombus or atheromatous debris.
What can lead to myocardial infarction?
Myocardial ischemia due to atherosclerosis and thrombosis.
What can lead to fatal consequences, even in individuals with normal coronary arteries?
Cocaine-induced arrhythmias and infarcts
Which condition involves molecular mimicry leading to autoimmune response affecting heart tissues?
Rheumatic Fever
What treatment approach is recommended for Primary Myocardial Disease involving hypertrophied septal muscles?
Genetic screening and beta blockers
Which condition can lead to scarring of heart valves, impairing cardiac function and potentially leading to heart failure?
Infective Endocarditis
What is the cause of Aortic Stenosis in 2% of the population?
Aging
How is Mitral Valve Prolapse diagnosed?
$Echocardiogram$
During which phase of the cardiac cycle do the ventricles passively fill?
Atrial diastole
What is the typical cardiac output pumped out by each ventricle per minute?
$5L/min$
Which vessels receive blood from the pulmonary veins?
Left atrium
When is blood pressure in the arteries highest?
During ventricular contraction (systolic pressure)
Which tool measures the electrical activity of the heart and can detect disturbances in rate, rhythm, conduction, and muscle injury?
ECG (electrocardiogram)
Which enzyme test is specific to the heart and reflects cardiac muscle necrosis?
CK-MB
What is the typical timeframe for Troponin T and Troponin I to peak after myocardial infarction?
24 hours
Which laboratory data indicates that the larger the infarct, the longer for elevated levels to return to normal?
Enzyme tests
What are the possible mild symptoms of subendocardial infarct?
Mild angina
How does pain of severe angina compare to pain of myocardial infarction?
It may be similar
Study Notes
Cardiac Cycle and Circulation
- The sinoatrial (SA) node in the right atrium (RA) near the opening of the superior vena cava initiates impulses for the cardiac cycle.
- The cardiac cycle consists of events related to blood flow through the heart during one complete heartbeat.
- Atrial and ventricular systole and diastole phases occur in the cardiac cycle, with the ventricles passively filling in diastole.
- The cardiac output is typically 5L/min pumped out by each ventricle (70ml/contraction x 72 bpm).
- Blood enters the right atrium via the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus, while the left atrium receives blood from the pulmonary veins.
- Pulmonary circulation involves oxygen-poor blood entering the right atrium and then flowing to the lungs, while systemic circulation involves freshly oxygenated blood leaving the lungs and circulating to the rest of the body.
- Blood pressure in the arteries is highest during ventricular contraction (systolic pressure) and lowest when ventricles relax (diastolic pressure).
- Atherosclerosis, which is the loss of elasticity in blood vessels, leads to increased blood pressure.
- The ECG (electrocardiogram) measures the electrical activity of the heart and can detect disturbances in rate, rhythm, conduction, and muscle injury.
- Tools to examine cardiovascular function include ultrasound imaging of the heart, echocardiogram, and angiogram by radiography or CT.
- Congenital heart diseases include abnormalities such as atrial and ventricular septal defects, patent ductus arteriosus, and tetralogy of Fallot, which may require surgical interventions for correction.
- Primary myocardial diseases like cardiomyopathy can lead to conditions such as dilated cardiomyopathy and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, with complex hereditary susceptibility and uncertain causes.
Test your knowledge about the cardiac cycle, blood flow through the heart, cardiac output, circulation, blood pressure, cardiovascular diseases, and diagnostic tools for examining cardiovascular function.
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