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Questions and Answers
What is the primary cause of myocardial ischemia?
What is the primary cause of myocardial ischemia?
Which drug is commonly used in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease?
Which drug is commonly used in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease?
What is the major complication of myocardial infarction?
What is the major complication of myocardial infarction?
Which type of heart disease is present at birth?
Which type of heart disease is present at birth?
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What is the primary method of treating acquired valvular heart disease?
What is the primary method of treating acquired valvular heart disease?
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Which layer of the heart provides support and divides the atria/ventricles to function independently?
Which layer of the heart provides support and divides the atria/ventricles to function independently?
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What prevents backflow of blood into the atria when the ventricles contract?
What prevents backflow of blood into the atria when the ventricles contract?
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Where is the heart located within the body?
Where is the heart located within the body?
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What controls the normal cardiac rhythm and the ability of the cardiac muscle to depolarize and contract?
What controls the normal cardiac rhythm and the ability of the cardiac muscle to depolarize and contract?
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What supplies arterial blood to the heart, and where is it collected before being emptied into the right atrium?
What supplies arterial blood to the heart, and where is it collected before being emptied into the right atrium?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of infective endocarditis?
Which of the following is a characteristic of infective endocarditis?
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What can lead to hypotension and pulmonary congestion?
What can lead to hypotension and pulmonary congestion?
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What can trigger a heart attack?
What can trigger a heart attack?
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What can lead to myocardial infarction?
What can lead to myocardial infarction?
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What can lead to fatal consequences, even in individuals with normal coronary arteries?
What can lead to fatal consequences, even in individuals with normal coronary arteries?
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Which condition involves molecular mimicry leading to autoimmune response affecting heart tissues?
Which condition involves molecular mimicry leading to autoimmune response affecting heart tissues?
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What treatment approach is recommended for Primary Myocardial Disease involving hypertrophied septal muscles?
What treatment approach is recommended for Primary Myocardial Disease involving hypertrophied septal muscles?
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Which condition can lead to scarring of heart valves, impairing cardiac function and potentially leading to heart failure?
Which condition can lead to scarring of heart valves, impairing cardiac function and potentially leading to heart failure?
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What is the cause of Aortic Stenosis in 2% of the population?
What is the cause of Aortic Stenosis in 2% of the population?
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How is Mitral Valve Prolapse diagnosed?
How is Mitral Valve Prolapse diagnosed?
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During which phase of the cardiac cycle do the ventricles passively fill?
During which phase of the cardiac cycle do the ventricles passively fill?
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What is the typical cardiac output pumped out by each ventricle per minute?
What is the typical cardiac output pumped out by each ventricle per minute?
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Which vessels receive blood from the pulmonary veins?
Which vessels receive blood from the pulmonary veins?
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When is blood pressure in the arteries highest?
When is blood pressure in the arteries highest?
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Which tool measures the electrical activity of the heart and can detect disturbances in rate, rhythm, conduction, and muscle injury?
Which tool measures the electrical activity of the heart and can detect disturbances in rate, rhythm, conduction, and muscle injury?
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Which enzyme test is specific to the heart and reflects cardiac muscle necrosis?
Which enzyme test is specific to the heart and reflects cardiac muscle necrosis?
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What is the typical timeframe for Troponin T and Troponin I to peak after myocardial infarction?
What is the typical timeframe for Troponin T and Troponin I to peak after myocardial infarction?
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Which laboratory data indicates that the larger the infarct, the longer for elevated levels to return to normal?
Which laboratory data indicates that the larger the infarct, the longer for elevated levels to return to normal?
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What are the possible mild symptoms of subendocardial infarct?
What are the possible mild symptoms of subendocardial infarct?
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How does pain of severe angina compare to pain of myocardial infarction?
How does pain of severe angina compare to pain of myocardial infarction?
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Study Notes
Cardiac Cycle and Circulation
- The sinoatrial (SA) node in the right atrium (RA) near the opening of the superior vena cava initiates impulses for the cardiac cycle.
- The cardiac cycle consists of events related to blood flow through the heart during one complete heartbeat.
- Atrial and ventricular systole and diastole phases occur in the cardiac cycle, with the ventricles passively filling in diastole.
- The cardiac output is typically 5L/min pumped out by each ventricle (70ml/contraction x 72 bpm).
- Blood enters the right atrium via the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus, while the left atrium receives blood from the pulmonary veins.
- Pulmonary circulation involves oxygen-poor blood entering the right atrium and then flowing to the lungs, while systemic circulation involves freshly oxygenated blood leaving the lungs and circulating to the rest of the body.
- Blood pressure in the arteries is highest during ventricular contraction (systolic pressure) and lowest when ventricles relax (diastolic pressure).
- Atherosclerosis, which is the loss of elasticity in blood vessels, leads to increased blood pressure.
- The ECG (electrocardiogram) measures the electrical activity of the heart and can detect disturbances in rate, rhythm, conduction, and muscle injury.
- Tools to examine cardiovascular function include ultrasound imaging of the heart, echocardiogram, and angiogram by radiography or CT.
- Congenital heart diseases include abnormalities such as atrial and ventricular septal defects, patent ductus arteriosus, and tetralogy of Fallot, which may require surgical interventions for correction.
- Primary myocardial diseases like cardiomyopathy can lead to conditions such as dilated cardiomyopathy and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, with complex hereditary susceptibility and uncertain causes.
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Description
Test your knowledge about the cardiac cycle, blood flow through the heart, cardiac output, circulation, blood pressure, cardiovascular diseases, and diagnostic tools for examining cardiovascular function.
