34 Questions
What does the QT interval measure?
Time needed for ventricular depolarization and repolarization
What does the ST segment represent in an ECG?
End of ventricular depolarization
What does T-wave inversion, ST-segment elevation, and a pathological U wave indicate during an MI?
Tissue hypoxia
What does a U wave on an ECG represent?
Repolarization of the Purkinje fibers
What is reflected by T-wave inversion in an ECG?
Ischemia
What is associated with a prolonged PR interval on an ECG?
First-degree AV block
Where does the right side of the heart receive deoxygenated blood from?
Systematic circulation
Where does the left side of the heart pump blood to after it is oxygenated?
Rest of the body
Which symptom is associated with left-sided heart failure?
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
What is a sign of right-sided heart failure?
Jugular vein distention
Which enzyme is inhibited by ACE inhibitors?
Conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II
What are common adverse effects of lisinopril and other ACE inhibitors?
Dry cough and headache
What are risk factors for primary hypertension?
Obesity, stress, high intake of sodium or saturated fat, and family history
What is a sign of dehydration?
Skin tenting
What do levels of CK, troponin T, and troponin I indicate?
Myocardial ischemia or infarction
What are signs of right-sided heart failure?
Jugular vein distention, hepatomegaly, and right upper quadrant pain
What is a potent vasoconstrictor in the blood that is inhibited by ACE inhibitors?
Angiotensin II
What does the PR interval measure in an ECG?
The time from the P wave to the beginning of the QRS complex
What is reflected by ST-segment elevation in an ECG?
Injury resulting from prolonged ischemia
What does a notched T wave on an ECG indicate in an adult client?
Pericarditis
Where does the right side of the heart receive deoxygenated blood from?
Systematic circulation
What is a U wave on an ECG representing?
Repolarization of the Purkinje fibers
What is reflected by T-wave inversion in an ECG?
Ischemia resulting from inadequate blood supply to myocardial tissue
What is a sign of right-sided heart failure?
Deposition of deoxygenated blood from pulmonary circulation
What does a prolonged PR interval on an ECG indicate?
First-degree AV block
Which of the following is a common adverse effect of lisinopril and other ACE inhibitors?
Dry cough
What is a sign of dehydration?
Skin tenting
Which enzyme is inhibited by ACE inhibitors?
Angiotensin-converting enzyme
What are risk factors for primary hypertension?
Obesity and stress
What is a sign of right-sided heart failure?
Jugular vein distention
What does myoglobin elevation indicate?
Myocardial damage
What do levels of CK, troponin T, and troponin I typically indicate?
Cellular damage due to myocardial ischemia or infarction
What is a potent vasoconstrictor in the blood that is inhibited by ACE inhibitors?
Angiotensin II
What is reflected by T-wave inversion in an ECG?
Myocardial ischemia or infarction
Study Notes
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
- The QT interval measures the duration of ventricular depolarization and repolarization.
- The ST segment represents the period of ventricular depolarization.
- T-wave inversion, ST-segment elevation, and a pathological U wave indicate myocardial ischemia or infarction (MI) during an MI.
Heart Function and Blood Flow
- The right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body via the superior and inferior vena cava.
- The left side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to the body via the aorta.
Heart Failure
- Left-sided heart failure is associated with symptoms of shortness of breath and fatigue.
- Right-sided heart failure is associated with signs of peripheral edema, jugular venous distension, and liver congestion.
ACE Inhibitors
- ACE inhibitors inhibit the angiotensin-converting enzyme, which is a potent vasoconstrictor in the blood.
- Common adverse effects of lisinopril and other ACE inhibitors include cough, headache, and dizziness.
Hypertension
- Risk factors for primary hypertension include age, obesity, physical inactivity, and family history.
Dehydration
- A sign of dehydration is decreased urine output.
Cardiac Biomarkers
- Elevated levels of CK, troponin T, and troponin I indicate myocardial damage or infarction.
ECG Abnormalities
- ST-segment elevation reflects myocardial injury or infarction.
- T-wave inversion reflects myocardial ischemia or injury.
- A notched T wave on an ECG indicates coronary artery disease in an adult client.
- A U wave on an ECG represents abnormal repolarization of the ventricles.
Test your knowledge of the cardiac conduction system with this quiz. Learn about the QT interval, PR interval, ST segment, and QRS duration.
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