Questions and Answers
What are some clinical manifestations of mitral valve regurgitation? (Select all that apply)
Patients with mitral valve regurgitation always show symptoms immediately after diagnosis.
False
What is one recommended treatment for mitral valve regurgitation before symptoms develop?
Valve surgery
Clinical manifestations include an enlarged or hypertrophied left ventricle and a ______ heart murmur.
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Which diagnostic testing methods are used for mitral valve regurgitation? (Select all that apply)
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What are the clinical manifestations of CAD?
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In which areas can pain occur during CAD?
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What is the diagnosis and treatment for CAD?
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What does acute coronary syndrome represent?
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What are the two forms of CAD?
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In myocardial infarction, necrosis of _______ occurs.
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ST elevation indicates the presence of NSTEMI.
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What are some clinical manifestations of myocardial infarction?
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What are common treatment options for myocardial infarction?
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What is hypertension characterized by?
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What are the stages of hypertension?
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HTN is diagnosed when systolic pressure is consistently above ______ mmHg.
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What are some modifiable risk factors for hypertension?
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Which stage of hypertension is characterized by diastolic pressure of 90 mmHg or higher?
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What is the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis?
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What are modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis?
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What are the symptoms of atherosclerosis?
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In hypercholesterolemia, increased levels of _______ is observed.
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What factors can contribute to hypercholesterolemia?
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What defines primary hypercholesterolemia?
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What are some treatments for hypercholesterolemia?
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Which condition can indicate impaired venous blood flow?
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Varicose veins only present cosmetic issues.
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What are the clinical manifestations of vein thrombosis?
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What are common diagnostic tests for vein thrombosis?
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Study Notes
Clinical Manifestations: CAD
- Pain or discomfort may radiate to arms, shoulders, back, neck, jaw, or stomach.
- Symptoms include difficulty breathing, sweating, fullness, indigestion, nausea, light-headedness, and rapid heartbeats.
Diagnostic Testing/Treatment: CAD
- Diagnostic methods: ECG, echocardiography, stress testing, CT scans, MRI, and laboratory studies.
- Acute treatment involves lifestyle changes, medications, angioplasty, and possibly surgery.
- Chronic management focusing on risk factor control and symptom reduction.
Pathophysiology: CAD
- Two forms: Acute coronary syndromes and chronic ischemic heart disease.
- Acute coronary syndromes: Unstable angina to myocardial infarction due to plaque disruption.
- Chronic ischemic heart disease caused by coronary artery atherosclerosis or vasospasms.
Pathophysiology: Myocardial Infarction
- Types: ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) and Non-ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI).
- Blocked cardiac tissue leads to necrosis and the release or absence of cardiac markers.
Risk Factors/Complications: Myocardial Infarction
- Includes serious mechanical complications like capillary muscle rupture and interventricular septum rupture.
- May lead to cardiac dysfunction or heart failure.
Clinical Manifestations: Myocardial Infarction
- Pain may occur in various locations: chest, arms, jaw, back, or abdomen.
- Symptoms include shortness of breath, sweating, anxiety, and a sense of impending doom.
Treatment: Myocardial Infarction
- Comprehensive management includes lifestyle changes, cardiac rehab, medications, and possible surgical interventions.
- Elevated troponin indicates myocardial injury.
Hypertension: Pathophysiology
- Characterized by persistently high blood pressure.
- Leading contributor to cardiovascular diseases in adults.
Hypertension: Clinical Manifestations
- Often asymptomatic but can lead to serious organ damage.
- Blood pressure classifications range from normal (120/80) to stage 2 hypertension (160+/100+).
- Risk factors include high salt intake, obesity, smoking, and stress.
Hypertension: Diagnostic Testing/Treatment
- Diagnosed with consistent high systolic (>140 mmHg) or diastolic (>90 mmHg) readings.
- Treatment includes weight reduction, increased physical activity, and medications.
Pathophysiology: Atherosclerosis
- Progresses through three stages: fatty streaks, fibrous atheromatous plaques, and complicated lesions.
- Obstructs blood flow leading to cardiovascular complications.
Risk Factors: Atherosclerosis
- Non-modifiable: Age, sex, family history, genetic predisposition.
- Modifiable: Smoking, obesity, hypertension, diabetes.
Diagnostic Testing/Treatment: Atherosclerosis
- Diagnostic tests include blood tests, ECG, angiography, and imaging studies.
- Treatment may involve medications, surgical interventions, and lifestyle changes.
Clinical Manifestations: Atherosclerosis
- Symptoms generally appear when arteries are significantly blocked; potential for heart attack or stroke.
Pathophysiology: Hypercholesterolemia
- Elevated cholesterol levels in blood, linked to cardiovascular disease.
- Can be primary (genetic) or secondary (related to lifestyle factors).
Risk Factors: Hypercholesterolemia
- Modifiable: Diet and lifestyle; Non-modifiable: Genetics and systemic disorders.
Clinical Manifestations: Hypercholesterolemia
- Diagnosis primarily through lipid profile testing showing high LDL levels.
Pathophysiology: Varicose Veins
- Engorgement of veins due to valve incompetence; can be asymptomatic or cosmetic.
Risk Factors: Varicose Veins
- Prolonged standing, obesity, and hormonal effects from pregnancy are key contributors.
Clinical Manifestations: Venous Thrombosis
- Symptoms include leg pain, edema, and inflammation; however, some cases may remain asymptomatic.
Diagnostic Testing/Treatment: Venous Thrombosis
- Evaluated with ultrasound and venography; compression stockings and sclerotherapy are common treatments.
Pathophysiology: Aortic Aneurysm
- Types: thoracic (TAA) and abdominal (AAA); characterized by a balloon-like bulge in the aorta.
Risk Factors: Aortic Aneurysms
- Include hypertension, high cholesterol, smoking, and genetic connective tissue disorders.
Clinical Manifestations: Aortic Aneurysms
- Symptoms depend on location; can be asymptomatic or manifest as back, chest, or leg pain.
Diagnostic Testing/Treatment: Aortic Aneurysms
- Diagnostic tools: X-ray, CT, MRA; management includes lifestyle changes and possibly surgery.
Pathophysiology: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
- Characterized by thickening of the left ventricle, resulting in arrhythmias and potential outflow obstruction.
Risk Factors: Cardiomyopathy
- Major cause of sudden cardiac death in young athletes; genetic factors and significant ventricular hypertrophy are key.
Clinical Manifestations: Cardiomyopathy
- Symptoms include dyspnea, chest pain, palpitations, and risk of sudden death.
Diagnostic Testing/Treatment: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
- Diagnosis via echocardiography and ECG; treatment focuses on symptom management and may involve an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator.
Pathophysiology: Venous Thrombosis
- Results from a combination of blood stasis, increased coagulation, and vessel wall injury.
Risk Factors: Venous Thrombosis
- Includes immobilization, pregnancy, and trauma, all of which heighten risk for thrombosis.
Clinical Manifestations: Venous Thrombosis
- May include pain, swelling, tenderness; up to 50% may present as asymptomatic.
Diagnostic Testing/Treatment: Venous Thrombosis
- Assessed via imaging and D-dimer tests; prevention includes early ambulation and lifestyle adjustments.
Pathophysiology: Acute Pericarditis
- Inflammation of the pericardium, often resulting from viral infection, causing pain and localized swelling.
Risk Factors: Acute Pericarditis
- 30% relapse rate; often linked to autoimmune disorders.
Clinical Manifestations: Acute Pericarditis
- Symptoms include fever, sharp chest pain, changes in position worsen pain, and pericardial friction rub noted on auscultation.
Diagnostic Treatment: Acute Pericarditis
- Treatment focuses on NSAIDs and corticosteroids; may require antibiotics if infectious etiology is present.
Pathophysiology: Raynaud's Phenomenon
- Excessive constriction of small arteries due to cold or stress, affecting peripheral circulation.
Risk Factors: Raynaud's Phenomenon
- Affects mainly young women, with cold exposure and stress aggravating symptoms.
Clinical Manifestations: Raynaud's Phenomenon
- Symptoms are episodic: skin color changes, cold sensations, swelling, and tingling during attacks.
Diagnostic Testing/Treatment: Raynaud's Phenomenon
- Diagnosis based on history; avoidance of triggers and possible pharmacological intervention for severe cases.
Pathophysiology: Mitral Valve Regurgitation
- Incomplete closure of the mitral valve results in backward flow of blood, affecting heart efficiency.
Risk Factors: Mitral Valve Regurgitation
- Includes conditions like ineffective endocarditis and rheumatic heart disease; heart strain can lead to structural changes.
Clinical Manifestations: Mitral Valve Regurgitation
- Often asymptomatic initially, with symptoms appearing years later; characterized by heart murmurs and left ventricular enlargement.
Diagnostic Testing/Treatment: Mitral Valve Regurgitation
- Surgical intervention recommended prior to symptom onset; diagnosis involves physical examination and imaging studies.
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Explore key terms related to Clinical Manifestations of Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) through this interactive flashcard quiz. Enhance your understanding of symptoms, causes, and effects associated with CAD. Perfect for medical students and healthcare professionals.
