Cardiac Complications and Investigations

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Questions and Answers

Based on the additional findings from the CXR, what potential finding is suggested?

  • Pulmonary embolism
  • Pneumonia
  • Congestive heart failure (correct)
  • Pulmonary hypertension

Which of the following investigations are recommended to determine the underlying cause of the patient's condition?

  • Echocardiogram, BNP, U & E, LFT (correct)
  • BNP, Echocardiogram, CXR, U & E
  • Throat swab C&S, ASO, ECG, Blood sugar
  • CXR, ECG, Blood sugar, Lipid profiles

Which of the following findings is a NOT a possible cause of the patient's condition?

  • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (correct)
  • Hypertension
  • Hypothyroidism
  • Diabetes mellitus

Which of the following findings on a CXR suggests a possible complication of left heart failure?

<p>Blunted costophrenic angle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following complications is NOT specifically mentioned in the context provided?

<p>Hypernatremia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Uremia

A condition caused by the accumulation of waste products in the blood due to kidney failure.

Hypo/HyperK+

Abnormal potassium levels in the blood, can lead to severe complications.

CXR Findings

Chest X-ray findings indicating heart or lung issues, including vascular expansion and specific lines.

BNP Levels

B-type Natriuretic Peptide levels; >100 pg/mL indicates heart failure or strain.

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Echocardiogram

An ultrasound of the heart used to assess function and detect abnormalities.

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Study Notes

Complications

  • Uremia
  • Hypokalemia/Hyperkalemia
  • Hyponatremia (poor prognosis)
  • Impaired liver function

Investigations

CXR

  • Dilated upper lobe vein

  • Increased vascularity and pulmonary artery dilation

  • Kerley's B lines (horizontal lines in costophrenic angle)

  • Haziness of hilar region (bat wing hilar)

  • Pleural effusion (blunting of costophrenic angle)

  • Apparent tracheal deviation due to patient rotation

  • Upper lobe veinous diversion

  • Prominent hilum

  • Interstitial opacification

  • Clear right heart border

  • Blunt costophrenic angle

  • Normal right hemidiaphragm

  • Cardiothoracic ratio >0.5 suggests cardiomegaly

  • Clear left heart border

  • Normal left hemidiaphragm

  • BNP > 100 pg/mL or NT-proBNP > 300 pg/mL

  • Echocardiogram can detect underlying causes and determine ejection fraction

  • Blood tests (U&E, LFT)

Additional Information

  • Thromboembolism
  • Arrhythmias
  • Cardiac cachexia
  • Sudden death
  • For underlying causes or risk factors:
    • ASO, throat swab C&S, blood sugar, lipid profiles
    • ECG - arrhythmia, ischemia, infarct

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