Cardiac Assessment in Nursing
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary cause of syncope, as described in the content?

  • Reduced blood flow to the brain due to slow heart rate and decreased stroke volume (correct)
  • Excess oxygenated blood reaching the brain, causing overload
  • An increase in the body's overall blood volume
  • Increased blood pressure leading to a surge in blood flow to the brain

    • Which of the following is NOT a common associated phenomenon of chest pain in cardiac patients?

  • Dyspnea
  • Changes in skin color
  • Diaphoresis
  • Increased breath sounds (correct)

    • What is the most likely cause of edema that develops only in one leg?

  • Thrombophlebitis or venous insufficiency (correct)
  • Right ventricular failure
  • Superior vena cava syndrome
  • Ascites

    • What is the relationship between cardiac output (CO), heart rate (HR), and stroke volume (SV)?

    <p>CO = HR x SV (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen?

    <p>Ascites (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is LEAST likely to help determine the cause of syncopal episodes?

    <p>Blood type (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the condition that involves an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the interstitial tissues, throughout the whole body?

    <p>Anasarca (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does fluid typically accumulate in a bedridden patient, based on the content provided?

    <p>Sacrum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant indicator that typically motivates patients to seek cardiac assessment?

    <p>Chest pain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is defined as a sudden loss of consciousness, potentially linked to cardiac issues?

    <p>Syncope (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a normal heart sound indicative of proper cardiac function?

    <p>Normal S1 and S2 sounds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following findings is associated with a normal cardiac assessment?

    <p>Regular heart rhythm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does JVP assessment primarily help evaluate in cardiac patients?

    <p>Fluid status and right heart function (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are palpitations typically described as?

    <p>Heart skipping beats or fluttering (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common cause of syncope?

    <p>Vasoconstriction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is syncope often characterized?

    <p>A brief loss of consciousness due to cerebral anoxia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about palpitations is true?

    <p>They can be caused by stimulants such as caffeine and alcohol. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom may accompany a syncopal episode?

    <p>Pallor and nausea (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic of chest pain indicates angina?

    <p>Squeezing pressure that may radiate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What pain scale is commonly used to assess the severity of chest pain?

    <p>1-10 scale (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common alleviating factor for pericarditis?

    <p>Sitting up (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of onset is characteristic of a dissecting aortic aneurysm?

    <p>Sudden onset (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which description best fits the pain associated with acute anxiety?

    <p>Dull or stabbing pain anywhere in the chest (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What activity is associated with the onset of pain in a pulmonary embolism?

    <p>Sitting still for extended periods (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common puppet symptom of pneumothorax?

    <p>Severe sharp pain in the lateral thorax (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is NOT typically associated with acute myocardial infarction (MI)?

    <p>Sharp pain that is brief (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a provoking factor for chest pain in angina?

    <p>Eating a heavy meal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In chest-wall syndrome, what is a common characteristic?

    <p>Sharp pain often tender to touch (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Chest Pain

    Initial complaint in most cardiac assessments; can indicate various conditions.

    Palpitations

    Awareness of heartbeat; can feel like fluttering or pounding.

    Syncope

    Temporary loss of consciousness due to low blood flow to the brain.

    Peripheral Edema

    Swelling in extremities caused by fluid retention; can relate to heart issues.

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    Normal Heart Sounds

    Sounds produced by the closure of heart valves; indicative of normal heart function.

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    Causes of Palpitations

    Palpitations may be caused by stimulants like caffeine, nicotine, or stress.

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    Symptoms of Syncope

    Symptoms include pale skin, nausea, sweating, and weak pulse during episodes.

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    Parasympathetic Nervous System (PSNS)

    Part of the nervous system that can cause syncope through vasodilatation and slowing heart rate.

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    Location of Chest Pain

    Refers to whether the pain is in a specific area or diffuse, including areas of radiation.

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    Severity Scale

    Measurement of pain intensity from 1 to 10, commonly used for assessing chest pain.

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    Description of Pain

    Characteristics of pain including tightness, heaviness, sharpness, or dullness.

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    Provoking Factors

    Elements that worsen chest pain, such as physical effort or emotions.

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    Alleviating Factors

    Components that help relieve chest pain, like rest or certain medications.

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    Type of Onset

    Indicates whether the pain started suddenly or gradually over time.

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    Occurrence and Duration

    Analysis of pain activity at onset and its length (constant or intermittent).

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    Angina Symptoms

    Chest pain symptoms like squeezing, heaviness, potentially radiating to arms or neck.

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    Acute MI Symptoms

    Heart attack symptoms including sharp, tight chest pain possibly radiating to arms or neck.

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    Pneumothorax Symptoms

    Severe, sharp chest pain with sudden onset, usually felt on one side.

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    Vasovagal Attack

    A fainting episode due to decreased heart rate and cardiac output.

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    Cardiac Output (CO)

    The amount of blood the heart pumps in one minute.

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    Right Ventricular Failure

    A condition where the right side of the heart fails to pump effectively.

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    Pitting Edema

    Swelling where pressing down leaves a temporary indentation.

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    Dependent Edema

    Fluid accumulation in areas of the body affected by gravity.

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    Thrombophlebitis

    Inflammation of a vein due to a blood clot.

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    Associated Symptoms of Chest Pain

    Various symptoms often accompanying chest pain in cardiac patients.

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    Study Notes

    Cardiac Assessment Learning Objectives

    • Describe chest pain assessment
    • Define palpitations, syncope, and peripheral edema
    • Describe normal cardiac findings
    • Identify and describe normal heart sounds
    • Explain JVP assessment
    • Describe arterial pulse assessment

    Chest Pain

    • Location: Specific area or diffuse
    • Severity: Pain on a 1-10 scale; common practice
    • Description: Tightness, squeezing, constriction, heaviness, pressure, burning; sharp or dull; imagery of chest pain (e.g., vise, elephant, brick)
    • Provoking and Alleviating Factors: What worsens or improves the pain; are there predictable or reproducible factors

    Other Conditions Causing Chest Pain

    • Esophageal spasm
    • Hiatus hernia
    • Cholecystitis
    • Peptic ulcer
    • Endocarditis
    • Myocarditis
    • Chest trauma

    Palpitations

    • Awareness or sense of feeling one's own heartbeat
    • Described as fluttering, skipping beats, pounding, or thumping
    • Can be short-duration or sustained
    • Heart rate can be regular or irregular, fast or slow
    • Common, often insignificant
    • Can be caused by stimulants (e.g., caffeine, alcohol, nicotine) and other medications
    • Can be a symptom of an arrhythmia

    Syncope

    • Transient, brief loss of consciousness due to cerebral anoxia
    • Often described as "fainting spell"
    • Short duration
    • May not always result in full unconsciousness
    • Accompanying symptoms could include pallor, nausea, diaphoresis, slow/shallow respirations, slow peripheral pulses, hypotension
    • Often caused by vasodilation or overactivity of the parasympathetic nervous system (slow heart rate - vagal attack)

    Peripheral Edema

    • Abnormal fluid accumulation in interstitial tissues
    • Often a manifestation of right ventricular failure (addressed in Lesson 5)
    • Fluid collects in dependent areas, influenced by gravity and mobility
    • Can affect legs, feet, sacrum, abdomen, torso, and face (anasarca)
    • Arm edema could be due to superior vena cava syndrome or thrombophlebitis
    • Leg edema limited to one leg might indicate thrombophlebitis or venous insufficiency

    Other Signs and Symptoms

    • Dyspnea: with activity or rest
    • Cough
    • Decreased breath sounds
    • Diaphoresis
    • Changes in skin color (e.g., pallor, cyanosis, ashen, grey, waxy tone)
    • Weakness, fatigue
    • Dizziness, headache
    • Anxiety, sense of impending doom
    • Nausea, vomiting

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    Related Documents

    Cardiac Assessment PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers important elements of cardiac assessment, including chest pain evaluation, the identification of heart sounds, and the assessment of palpitations and other related conditions. Test your knowledge on normal findings and the critical aspects of evaluating cardiovascular health.

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