Cardiac and Airway Management Quiz

Two reasons for checking armband information are to ensure patient identification and to confirm allergies. The information should be verified by checking both the IeMR and the patient monitor.

Measure from the corner of the patient's mouth to the earlobe. Insert the Guedel tip into the mouth, reaching the roof, and then rotate it 180 degrees.

A 14-gauge cannula can be used for decompression of a tension pneumothorax. It is inserted at the second intercostal space, mid-clavicular line.

<p>Metaraminol is an alpha-1 receptor agonist, leading to vasoconstriction. It can cause bradycardia, a slowing of the heart rate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The manometer measures the pressure within the suction system. It should be checked at the start of a shift and after every patient turnover, ensuring it is functioning correctly at a pressure of 30 mmHg.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The pericardium produces serous fluid, which lubricates the heart to reduce friction during contractions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blood enters the heart through the superior and inferior vena cava, flows into the right atrium, then the right ventricle, through the pulmonary valve, into the pulmonary trunk, and lastly, to the lungs via the right and left pulmonary arteries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The SA node is the primary pacemaker of the heart, initiating the electrical impulse that triggers heart contractions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Depolarization refers to the electrical activation of heart muscle cells, causing contraction, while repolarization is the return to a resting state, leading to relaxation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The P wave on an ECG represents atrial depolarization, which leads to atrial contraction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The normal heart rate range is 60-100 BPM.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary categories of inotropes are catecholamines, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, and cardiac glycosides. They all work by increasing the force of heart muscle contractions by acting on different cellular mechanisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dobutamine is indicated for cardiogenic shock due to its direct stimulation of beta 1 receptors, which increases cardiac output without causing vasoconstriction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vasopressin is effective in refractory vasodilatory shock due to its potent vasoconstrictive action, especially in the systemic, splanchnic, renal, and coronary circulations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metaraminol is a synthetic sympathomimetic that acts as both a direct and indirect alpha 1 receptor agonist, leading to vasoconstriction and an increase in blood pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Positive pressure ventilation uses external pressure to push air into the lungs, while negative pressure ventilation relies on creating negative pressure in the chest cavity to pull air inward.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lung compliance represents the degree of ease with which the lungs expand during inhalation. A low compliance indicates a stiff lung that requires more pressure to inflate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>8-12 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In volume-controlled ventilation, each breath delivers a fixed volume of air, regardless of pressure, while pressure-controlled ventilation delivers a predetermined pressure for a set time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Atrial contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>PEEP (Positive End-Expiratory Pressure) maintains a positive pressure in the airways at the end of expiration, helping to prevent lung collapse and improve oxygenation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It indicates the closure of the aortic valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To measure exhaled carbon dioxide levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Higher H+ levels result in lower pH (acidosis), while lower H+ levels increase pH (alkalosis)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Normal range is &gt;60 mmHg, reflecting the efficiency of oxygen uptake in the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When cells lack sufficient oxygen (hypoxia), they switch to anaerobic metabolism, which produces lactate</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Compensation occurs when the body attempts to restore normal pH by adjusting other acid-base parameters</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Respiratory acidosis is caused by inadequate CO2 elimination, while metabolic acidosis results from an excess of acids or a loss of bicarbonate</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Renal failure, Lactic acidosis, Ketoacidosis, Diarrhoea. (Any three).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anxiety, Hypoxaemia (caused by heart failure).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rotation, Inspiration, Penetration, Exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pneumothorax will show as a lack of lung markings, appearing black in the affected area</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ETT should be positioned 2 cm above the carina (the point where the trachea splits into bronchi)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The mediastinum should not be wider than 8 cm, and any abnormalities can indicate underlying issues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Volume and pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To disconnect and stop ventilation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recent alarm events, including date and time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To account for gas compression in the tubing and ventilator system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Incorrect volume delivery in volume-based modes and incorrect volume measurement in pressure-based modes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To provide an exact measurement of end expiratory pause pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>100%.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To provide a 1 minute boost of 100% oxygen for pre-oxygenation and suctioning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Use the O2 boost function for oxygenation purposes instead of the 'Disconnection/Suction' function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The number of mandatory controlled ventilation breaths delivered per minute by the ventilator.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The inspiratory pressure support level for triggered breaths.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ratio of the inspired time to the total time of the respiratory cycle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To determine the level of patient effort required to trigger the ventilator to inspire.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The measured pause airway pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A longer 'Ti' setting results in a slower flow rate, while a shorter 'Ti' setting results in a faster flow rate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>PEEP helps maintain alveolar patency by preventing complete collapse of the alveoli at the end of expiration, thus improving oxygenation and reducing atelectasis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High inspiratory resistance (Ri) means increased airway obstruction, while low dynamic compliance (Cdyn) indicates stiff lungs. Both can indicate a problem with gas exchange and require further investigation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased ICP directly reduces CPP by compressing cerebral blood vessels, decreasing blood flow. Additionally, ICP can elevate systemic blood pressure, which further reduces the pressure gradient driving blood into the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elevated body temperature can exacerbate ICP by increasing cerebral metabolic demands and potentially causing cerebral vasodilation, leading to further increases in ICP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cushing's Triad, characterized by elevated systolic blood pressure, bradycardia, and irregular respirations, indicates severe intracranial hypertension and indicates an urgent need for intervention.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High PIP can indicate airway obstruction or a kink in the ventilator tubing, but also carries the risk of barotrauma (lung injury) due to excessive lung inflation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Positive pressure ventilation bypasses the natural airway defense mechanisms, making it difficult for the body to clear secretions and increasing susceptibility to bacterial infections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prolonged mechanical ventilation can cause anxiety, fear, and isolation. Nurses can alleviate these concerns by providing consistent reassurance, clear explanations, and involving the patient in care decisions as much as possible.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypovolemic shock is caused by a loss of circulating blood volume, while cardiogenic shock is caused by the heart's inability to pump blood effectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vasopressors work by constricting blood vessels, increasing systemic vascular resistance and thereby improving blood pressure and tissue perfusion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fluid overload can worsen shock by increasing cardiac workload and creating a detrimental pressure gradient. Monitoring signs like weight gain, peripheral edema, and lung sounds is essential.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Trigger flow settings allow patients to initiate breaths based on their own respiratory effort, promoting patient comfort and encouraging participation in the breathing cycle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The I:E ratio influences the duration of inhalation and exhalation, impacting gas exchange, patient comfort, and the risk of complications like hypercapnia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The three components that contribute to intracranial pressure (ICP) are: 1. Cerebral spinal fluid (CSF), 2. Brain tissue, and 3. Blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypertonic saline solution draws fluid out of the brain cells into the bloodstream, decreasing cerebral edema and ultimately reducing intracranial pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The three main categories of AKI are pre-renal, intra-renal, and post-renal. Pre-renal AKI is caused by decreased blood flow to the kidneys, reducing filtration and urine output. Intra-renal AKI involves direct damage to the nephrons, leading to impaired filtration. Post-renal AKI occurs when a blockage in the urinary tract prevents urine drainage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both unstable angina and NSTEMI present with ST depression or T wave inversion on ECG. However, NSTEMI is characterized by elevated troponin levels, indicating myocardial damage, while unstable angina does not show elevated troponin levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nepro is primarily indicated for patients with renal failure who are not on Renal Replacement Therapy (RRT). It is formulated to be low in protein and phosphorus, making it suitable for patients with impaired kidney function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The two main types of chest tubes are underwater seal drains (e.g., Thora-Seal drain) and dry seal drains (e.g., Atrium Express). Underwater seal drains use a water column to create a one-way valve system, allowing air or fluid to drain but preventing air from flowing back into the chest. Dry seal drains utilize a valve system that does not require water for operation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bubbling in a chest tube is a normal finding at the end of expiration in unventilated patients. In ventilated patients, bubbling should occur during peak inspiration. Continuous bubbling in an unventilated patient or absence of bubbling during peak inspiration in a ventilated patient indicates a possible leak in the system or a blockage in the tube, requiring immediate attention and investigation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The intubating stylet is a flexible, rigid rod inserted into the endotracheal tube (ETT). It provides rigidity and control for the ETT, making it easier to pass the tube through the vocal cords and into the trachea. This is especially helpful in cases of difficult intubations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Two commonly used medications for intubation are propofol and vecuronium. Propofol is a sedative-hypnotic agent used for induction of anesthesia, promoting a state of unconsciousness and facilitating the intubation procedure. Vecuronium, a neuromuscular blocker, causes muscle paralysis, relaxing the vocal cords and allowing for easier intubation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Suxamethonium is a rapid-acting, depolarizing neuromuscular blocker with a short duration of action. However, it can cause a significant increase in potassium levels, a potentially life-threatening complication in patients with certain conditions such as burns or muscle injury. This risk makes it a last resort medication, reserved for specific clinical situations where other alternatives are not suitable.</p> Signup and view all the answers