33 Questions
What is the role of the atria in the heart?
Collect blood and push it into lower chambers
Which chamber of the heart connects to the pulmonary trunk?
Right ventricle
In which cavity does the heart sit?
Pericardial cavity
What is the size of a typical heart?
Size of a fist
Which artery is the only one to carry deoxygenated blood?
Pulmonary artery
What is the thickest layer in the heart, containing muscle cells, nerve fibers, and blood vessels?
Myocardium
What happens at 0mV in terms of ion channels?
Ca++ channels close and K+ channels open
Which component of the heart's conduction system fires at the lowest rate per minute?
Purkinje fibers
What slows down the firing rate of the SA node below its intrinsic rate?
Endocrine control
What is the purpose of electrodes placed on the body during an electrocardiogram (ECG)?
To record electrical signals of the heart
What effect does Ca++ have on the myosin and actin cross bridge?
It allows the myosin and actin cross bridge formation
What is the purpose of AED's in correcting fibrillations?
Normalize the heart rate
During which phase of the cardiac cycle do the semilunar valves close?
Ventricular systole
What is the main function of an artificial pacemaker?
Ensure effective heart contractions
Which component of the cardiac cycle involves the pumping of blood into circulation?
Systole
What does the T wave in an ECG represent?
Repolarization of ventricles
How much blood is normally pushed out by the ventricles in one stroke during the cardiac cycle?
$70-80$ mL
What causes the second audible sound 'S2' in a healthy heart?
Closing of semilunar valves
What does the presence of both S3 and S4 sounds indicate in a cardiac examination?
S7 condition
What is the formula for calculating Cardiac Output (CO) in a healthy individual?
CO = HR * SV
What is the normal range for the Ejection Fraction in a cardiac assessment?
50% - 70%
How does exercise affect Cardiac Output (CO) in an individual?
Increases CO
What is the purpose of determining the target heart rate during exercise?
To maintain high Cardiac Output
What is the function of endothelins released by the endothelium?
Act as strong vasoconstrictors
Which structure divides the heart into chambers?
Septum
What is the major difference between the right atrium and the left atrium?
Presence of pectinate muscles
Which valve ensures unidirectional blood flow?
Pulmonary valve
During coronary circulation, what is the purpose of anastomosis?
Provide alternative routes for blood flow
What is the function of autorhythmicity in cardiac muscle cells?
Initiate electrical potential at a fixed rate
What is the role of desmosomes in cardiac muscle cells?
Prevent muscle cells from ripping apart
Where is the Sinoatrial (SA) node located?
Posterior wall of the right atrium
What happens to cardiac conductive cells during spontaneous depolarization?
Na+ channels allow a slow influx of ions
Why do cardiac contractile cells have a long refractory period?
To allow for proper relaxation and refilling with blood
Test your knowledge on cardiac action potential, refractory period, and the conduction system of the heart. Learn about the role of calcium channels, potassium channels, SA node, AV node, and bundle branches in regulating the heartbeat.
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