Carbon Dioxide Transport Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Where is carbonic anhydrase primarily found in the body?

  • In both plasma and red blood cells
  • In red blood cells only (correct)
  • In tissues and plasma
  • In plasma only

What is the primary form in which carbon dioxide is transported in the blood?

  • As dissolved gas in plasma
  • As carbamino compounds with hemoglobin and plasma proteins (correct)
  • As bicarbonate ions exclusively
  • As carbonic acid only

What percentage of carbonic acid formed in red blood cells dissociates to bicarbonate and hydrogen ions?

  • 100%
  • 50%
  • 99.9% (correct)
  • 75%

Why is the amount of carbon dioxide transported with plasma proteins less compared to hemoglobin?

<p>The quantity of proteins in plasma is half that of hemoglobin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does carbon dioxide's combination with hemoglobin and plasma proteins facilitate its release?

<p>The bond formed is reversible, allowing easy release in the alveoli (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal diffusion capacity of CO2 in ml/min/mmHg?

<p>400 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors affects the diffusion rate through the pulmonary membrane most significantly?

<p>Concentration gradient (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate percentage of carbon dioxide transported in blood as bicarbonate?

<p>63% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between molecular weight and diffusion rate of gases?

<p>Inversely proportional (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ventilation-perfusion ratio at the apex of the lungs?

<p>3.3 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much carbon dioxide is transported in the blood as a dissolved form?

<p>7% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the thickness of the pulmonary membrane in microns?

<p>0.6 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method accounts for the least transport of carbon dioxide in the blood?

<p>As carbonic acid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of oxygen is transported by hemoglobin in the blood?

<p>97% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the negligible amount of oxygen transported as a simple physical solution in plasma?

<p>0.3 mL/100 mL of plasma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which condition does the transport of oxygen as a simple solution become particularly important?

<p>During muscular exercise (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is oxygen primarily transported in the blood?

<p>In combination with hemoglobin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the solubility of oxygen play in its transport in plasma?

<p>It limits the amount transported as a solution. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary site for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body?

<p>In the alveoli of the lungs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process occurs at the alveolar-capillary interface?

<p>Oxygen exchange (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a product of cellular respiration that is exchanged for oxygen in the tissues?

<p>Carbon dioxide (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physiological state is reached when hemoglobin can no longer carry any more oxygen?

<p>Saturation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason the oxygen carrying capacity of blood is 19 mL% instead of the expected 20.1 mL% for 15 g% hemoglobin?

<p>The hemoglobin is not fully saturated. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much oxygen can 1 gram of hemoglobin transport?

<p>1.34 mL (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What form is the iron in heme part of hemoglobin during the oxygenation process?

<p>Ferrous form (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that determines the saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen?

<p>Partial pressure of oxygen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of oxygen in arterial blood is dissolved in the plasma?

<p>0.3 mL/100 mL blood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of a higher partial pressure of oxygen on hemoglobin saturation?

<p>Increases saturation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the percentage saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen calculated?

<p>O2 content / O2 capacity X 100 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Gas Transport

The process of moving oxygen (O2) from the lungs to the body's tissues and carbon dioxide (CO2) from the tissues back to the lungs.

How is oxygen transported?

Oxygen is transported in the blood in two ways: dissolved in plasma and bound to hemoglobin.

Oxygen as a Simple Solution

Oxygen dissolves directly into the liquid part of blood (plasma).

Oxygen in Combination with Hemoglobin

Oxygen binds to the protein hemoglobin in red blood cells.

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Oxygenation of Hemoglobin

The process where oxygen binds to hemoglobin forming oxyhemoglobin. This is the primary way oxygen is transported in the blood.

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Oxyhemoglobin

The way oxygen is transported in blood, primarily through hemoglobin. This accounts for the majority (97%) of oxygen transport.

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Oxygen Capacity

The amount of oxygen carried per unit of blood volume.

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Oxygen Saturation

The actual amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin, directly related to the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood.

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Role of Carbonic Anhydrase

Carbonic anhydrase, an enzyme found only inside red blood cells (RBCs), accelerates the formation of carbonic acid from carbon dioxide and water. This process is significantly faster in RBCs compared to plasma due to the presence of carbonic anhydrase.

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Carbonic Acid Dissociation

Carbonic acid, formed inside RBCs, quickly breaks down into bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) and hydrogen ions (H+). Bicarbonate ions accumulate inside the RBCs due to this rapid dissociation.

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Bicarbonate Diffusion

Due to the higher concentration of bicarbonate ions inside the RBCs, they diffuse across the cell membrane into the plasma.

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Carbamino Compounds

Approximately 30% of carbon dioxide is transported in the blood as carbamino compounds. Carbon dioxide combines with hemoglobin to form carbaminohemoglobin and with plasma proteins to form carbamino proteins.

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Reversible Binding of Carbon Dioxide

The combination of carbon dioxide with proteins and hemoglobin is a reversible process, meaning that it can easily be released into the alveoli of the lungs where the partial pressure of carbon dioxide is low. This process is crucial for the elimination of carbon dioxide from the body.

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Oxygenation

The process where oxygen binds to the iron in hemoglobin, without changing the iron's state from ferrous to ferric.

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Oxygen Carrying Capacity of Hemoglobin

The amount of oxygen that can be carried by 1 gram of hemoglobin.

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Saturation of Hemoglobin

The percentage of hemoglobin molecules that are bound to oxygen.

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Oxygen Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve

The relationship between the partial pressure of oxygen and the percentage of hemoglobin saturation. Graphically, it shows how readily hemoglobin binds oxygen at different oxygen levels.

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Dissolved O2

Oxygen dissolved in the plasma (the liquid part of blood).

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Oxygen Tension

The amount of free oxygen dissolved in the blood.

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Diffusion of Gases

The ability of gases to move across the pulmonary membrane (between the lungs and blood) based on their pressure differences.

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Solubility

The ease with which gases dissolve in liquids, which influences their movement across membranes.

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Solubility of gases

The ability of a gas to dissolve in a liquid, like blood. A gas with higher solubility will dissolve more readily, allowing for more efficient exchange.

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Pressure Gradient in Gas Exchange

The pressure difference between a gas in the alveoli (tiny air sacs in the lungs) and the gas in the blood. This difference drives the movement of gas from high pressure to low pressure.

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Surface Area in Gas Exchange

The total surface area available for gas exchange in the lungs. A larger surface area allows for more efficient gas exchange.

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Membrane Thickness in Gas Exchange

The thickness of the membrane separating the air in the alveoli and the blood in the capillaries. Thin membranes allow for faster gas exchange.

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Ventilation/Perfusion Ratio (V/Q)

The ratio of ventilation (airflow) to perfusion (blood flow) in the lungs. A healthy V/Q ratio ensures efficient gas exchange.

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How Carbon Dioxide is Transported in Blood

Carbon dioxide is transported in the blood as dissolved gas, carbonic acid, bicarbonate, and carbamino compounds.

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Carbonic Anhydrase Reaction

The conversion of carbon dioxide to carbonic acid (H2CO3) in red blood cells. This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase.

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Carbamino Compounds in CO2 Transport

The binding of carbon dioxide to hemoglobin, forming carbaminohemoglobin. This is one way carbon dioxide is transported in the blood.

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Study Notes

Gas Transport

  • Oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported by the blood.
  • Oxygen is transported in two forms: as a simple physical solution in the plasma (a small amount), and in combination with hemoglobin (most of it).
  • The amount of oxygen transported as a simple physical solution in plasma is negligible, only about 3% of the total oxygen in the blood.
  • The majority (97%) of oxygen is transported bound to hemoglobin, forming oxyhemoglobin.
  • Hemoglobin's oxygen carrying capacity is 1.34 ml/g of hemoglobin.

Oxygenation of Hemoglobin

  • Oxygen combines with hemoglobin only via a physical combination known as oxygenation, not oxidation.
  • Each hemoglobin molecule contains four iron atoms, and each iron atom combines with one oxygen molecule.
  • The iron remains in its ferrous form after combination. This is why the process is called oxygenation.

Oxygen Carrying Capacity of Hemoglobin

  • Oxygen carrying capacity is the amount of oxygen transported by 1 gram of hemoglobin.
  • Normal hemoglobin content in blood is approximately 15 g%.
  • Assuming complete saturation with oxygen, this would equate to 20.1 mL% of oxygen in 100 mL of blood.
  • However, actual oxygen carrying capacity is 19 mL% due to hemoglobin not being fully saturated with oxygen, typically at about 95%.

Oxygen Transport by Blood

  • Oxygen is primarily transported through chemical combination with hemoglobin (95-97%).
  • A small amount of oxygen is dissolved in plasma (3-5%).
  • Partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood is ≈100 mmHg and in venous blood is ≈40 mmHg.

Importance of Dissolved Oxygen

  • The partial pressure of oxygen in the blood helps determine the direction and rate of oxygen transport, and affects the amount of oxygen chemically combined with hemoglobin within red blood cells (RBC).

Factors Affecting Gas Diffusion

  • Solubility: Diffusion capacity is directly proportional to the solubility of the gas. CO2 is significantly more soluble than O2 (20 times).
  • Pressure Gradient: The pressure difference between the alveoli and the tissues drives the diffusion of both oxygen and carbon dioxide.
  • Surface Area: The available surface area for gas exchange is important. Normal surface area for the lungs is approximately 70 m2.
  • Membrane Thickness: Diffusion rate is inversely proportional to membrane thickness. The thin alveolar membrane (0.6 microns) allows for efficient diffusion.
  • Concentration Gradient: Diffusion rate is proportional to the concentration gradient. O2 and CO2 gradients at lung and tissue capillaries are critical for efficient exchange.
  • Molecular Weight: Diffusion rate is inversely proportional to the molecular weight of the gas. CO2 diffuses slightly faster than O2 due to a slightly lower molecular weight.

Ventilation-Perfusion Ratio (V/Q)

  • A balance between ventilation and blood flow in the lungs.
  • Normal ratio is V/Q = 0.8
  • This ratio varies throughout the lungs; it is higher at the apex of the lungs (more ventilation than perfusion) and lower at the base (more perfusion than ventilation).

Transport of Carbon Dioxide

  • Carbon dioxide is transported from cells to alveoli by four methods.
  • Dissolved Form (7%): A small amount of CO2 dissolves directly into the plasma.
  • Carbonic Acid (Negligible): CO2 reacts with water to form carbonic acid, but the reaction is negligible.
  • Bicarbonate (63%): Most CO2 is converted to bicarbonate ions in red blood cells (RBCs).
  • Carbamino Compounds (30%): CO2 combines with hemoglobin to form carbaminohemoglobin.

Chemical Factors and Dissolved Gases

  • Carbon dioxide binds loosely to proteins and hemoglobin in order that it can be easily released at the alveoli (where the partial pressure of carbon dioxide is low). The amount transported by combination with plasma proteins is lower than combined with hemoglobin, mostly due to the difference in quantities in the plasma vs. hemoglobin.

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L4 Physiology O2 & CO2 Transport (Respiratory System) PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on the transport of carbon dioxide in the body with this quiz. Explore key concepts such as the role of carbonic anhydrase, diffusion capacity, and the factors affecting the transport of CO2. Perfect for students studying respiratory physiology or related fields.

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