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Questions and Answers
What characteristic of carbon allows it to bond with multiple different elements?
What characteristic of carbon allows it to bond with multiple different elements?
- It has six electrons in total.
- It can only bond with other carbon atoms.
- It has four valence electrons. (correct)
- It is the smallest element.
What type of bond forms when two carbon atoms share three pairs of electrons?
What type of bond forms when two carbon atoms share three pairs of electrons?
- Quadruple bond
- Double bond
- Triple bond (correct)
- Single bond
How does the shape of molecules change when carbon atoms are involved in a double bond?
How does the shape of molecules change when carbon atoms are involved in a double bond?
- The molecule becomes tetrahedral.
- The atoms are in the same plane. (correct)
- The shape remains unchanged.
- The molecule becomes linear.
What contributes to the diversity of organic compounds?
What contributes to the diversity of organic compounds?
Which geometric shape is associated with carbon atoms bonded to four other atoms?
Which geometric shape is associated with carbon atoms bonded to four other atoms?
What are the two main categories of nucleic acids?
What are the two main categories of nucleic acids?
Which biological molecule category is primarily responsible for immediate energy use?
Which biological molecule category is primarily responsible for immediate energy use?
What process joins monomers to form polymers?
What process joins monomers to form polymers?
Which of the following is NOT a classification of carbohydrates?
Which of the following is NOT a classification of carbohydrates?
Which molecule serves as the primary energy source for cells?
Which molecule serves as the primary energy source for cells?
What happens during a hydrolysis reaction?
What happens during a hydrolysis reaction?
What type of biological molecules are lipids categorized as?
What type of biological molecules are lipids categorized as?
What formula structure do monosaccharides typically reflect?
What formula structure do monosaccharides typically reflect?
What type of linkage connects fatty acids to glycerol in triglycerides?
What type of linkage connects fatty acids to glycerol in triglycerides?
Which of the following best describes unsaturated fatty acids?
Which of the following best describes unsaturated fatty acids?
What are the primary roles of adipose tissue in mammals?
What are the primary roles of adipose tissue in mammals?
Which component gives phospholipids their amphipathic nature?
Which component gives phospholipids their amphipathic nature?
What is a characteristic of saturated fatty acids?
What is a characteristic of saturated fatty acids?
Which description best fits steroids?
Which description best fits steroids?
How do fats and oils behave in water?
How do fats and oils behave in water?
Which statement is true about trans fats?
Which statement is true about trans fats?
What connects the sugar units of adjacent nucleotides in a polynucleotide?
What connects the sugar units of adjacent nucleotides in a polynucleotide?
How does the sequence of bases in DNA affect proteins?
How does the sequence of bases in DNA affect proteins?
What is the primary consequence of the amino acid substitution in sickle-cell disease?
What is the primary consequence of the amino acid substitution in sickle-cell disease?
Which of the following statements accurately describes nucleic acids?
Which of the following statements accurately describes nucleic acids?
What type of bond forms between two amino acids in a protein?
What type of bond forms between two amino acids in a protein?
Which of the following best describes the function of proteins?
Which of the following best describes the function of proteins?
Which type of macromolecule is primarily responsible for genetic information?
Which type of macromolecule is primarily responsible for genetic information?
What inherent property of carbon allows for the formation of diverse organic molecules?
What inherent property of carbon allows for the formation of diverse organic molecules?
What term describes the process by which a protein loses its native structure due to environmental factors?
What term describes the process by which a protein loses its native structure due to environmental factors?
Which structural level of proteins consists of one or more polypeptide chains twisted, folded, and coiled into a unique shape?
Which structural level of proteins consists of one or more polypeptide chains twisted, folded, and coiled into a unique shape?
Which option correctly describes a feature of nucleotides?
Which option correctly describes a feature of nucleotides?
What is the primary role of Ribonucleic acid (RNA) in biological systems?
What is the primary role of Ribonucleic acid (RNA) in biological systems?
What distinguishes purines from pyrimidines in nucleic acids?
What distinguishes purines from pyrimidines in nucleic acids?
Which nitrogenous base is found in RNA but not in DNA?
Which nitrogenous base is found in RNA but not in DNA?
How does the primary structure of a protein affect its function?
How does the primary structure of a protein affect its function?
What is the function of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in living organisms?
What is the function of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in living organisms?
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Study Notes
Carbon: The Backbone of Life
- Carbon has 4 valence electrons, allowing bonds with up to 4 other atoms, enabling complex molecules.
- Capable of forming carbon skeletons by sharing electrons among carbon atoms.
- Organic compound diversity stems from varying carbon skeleton lengths and shapes.
- Carbon can create single, double, or triple bonds; tetrahedral shapes arise from carbon atoms bonded to four others.
Biological Molecules of Life
- Four primary categories: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids.
- All are composed of carbon and classified as macromolecules due to their size and complexity.
- Carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids are polymers formed from repeating monomer units, while lipids are macromolecules but not polymers.
Synthesis and Breakdown of Polymers
- Dehydration synthesis reactions join monomers into polymers, releasing a water molecule.
- Hydrolysis reactions break down polymers by adding water, reversing the dehydration process.
Carbohydrates
- Comprise sugars and their polymers, primarily serving as immediate energy sources and structural components.
- Classified into monosaccharides (simple sugars), disaccharides (two sugars), and polysaccharides (many sugars).
- Glucose (C6H12O6) is the most common monosaccharide, crucial for cellular energy.
Lipids
- Diverse in structure and function; key types include fats, oils, phospholipids, and steroids.
- Fats and oils are triglycerides, formed from glycerol and fatty acids, crucial for long-term energy storage and insulation.
- Saturated fatty acids possess no double bonds; unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds, affecting their physical state.
Phospholipids
- Comprised of hydrophilic "heads" (phosphate group) and hydrophobic "tails" (fatty acids).
- Amphipathic nature allows phospholipids to form plasma membranes, suitable for cellular structures.
Steroids
- Characterized by a fused ring structure consisting of three cyclohexane rings and one cyclopentane ring.
Proteins
- Built from amino acids, with the primary structure (amino acid sequence) determining the final 3D shape.
- Tertiary structure reveals complex folding; denaturation occurs due to changes in environmental conditions, compromising protein structure.
Nucleic Acids
- Polymers made of nucleotides, which consist of a phosphate, a 5-carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base.
- Two types of nucleic acids: DNA (stores genetic information) and RNA (involved in protein synthesis).
- DNA is double-stranded (helix structure), whereas RNA is single-stranded with uracil replacing thymine.
Relation Between Nucleic Acids and Proteins
- The DNA sequence dictates amino acid order in proteins; minor DNA changes can lead to significant protein alterations (e.g., sickle-cell disease).
General Recap
- Organic molecules primarily comprise carbon and hydrogen.
- Carbohydrates serve short-term energy needs; lipids function as long-term energy reserves and structural components.
- Proteins engage in various biological functions such as support and transport.
- Nucleic acids transmit information for protein synthesis.
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