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Questions and Answers
What type of crystal structure does diamond have?
What type of crystal structure does diamond have?
Which of the following is a characteristic property of graphite?
Which of the following is a characteristic property of graphite?
What is the reason graphite conducts electricity?
What is the reason graphite conducts electricity?
Which carbon allotrope occurs naturally in a free state?
Which carbon allotrope occurs naturally in a free state?
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What is the process called that converts wood to coal?
What is the process called that converts wood to coal?
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What unique property gives charcoal its ability as an adsorbent?
What unique property gives charcoal its ability as an adsorbent?
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At what temperature does diamond burn in air to produce CO2?
At what temperature does diamond burn in air to produce CO2?
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Which statement about graphite's structure is true?
Which statement about graphite's structure is true?
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What occurs when the yellow powdery substance is dissolved in solvents like toluene?
What occurs when the yellow powdery substance is dissolved in solvents like toluene?
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Which property makes fullerenes particularly useful as lubricants?
Which property makes fullerenes particularly useful as lubricants?
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What type of bonding is primarily found in organic compounds?
What type of bonding is primarily found in organic compounds?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding the stability of organic compounds compared to inorganic compounds?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the stability of organic compounds compared to inorganic compounds?
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What characteristic property of carbon allows it to form long chains of compounds?
What characteristic property of carbon allows it to form long chains of compounds?
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Which statement regarding the solubility of organic compounds is accurate?
Which statement regarding the solubility of organic compounds is accurate?
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Which factor primarily contributes to the variety of carbon compounds?
Which factor primarily contributes to the variety of carbon compounds?
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How do organic reactions generally compare to inorganic reactions?
How do organic reactions generally compare to inorganic reactions?
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What type of hybridization is associated with trigonal geometry?
What type of hybridization is associated with trigonal geometry?
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Which of the following compounds exhibits isomerism?
Which of the following compounds exhibits isomerism?
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What characterizes saturated hydrocarbons?
What characterizes saturated hydrocarbons?
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Unsaturated hydrocarbons can be divided into which two categories?
Unsaturated hydrocarbons can be divided into which two categories?
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How many bonds does a carbon atom have around it in all carbon compounds?
How many bonds does a carbon atom have around it in all carbon compounds?
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Saturated hydrocarbons are also known as which type of compounds?
Saturated hydrocarbons are also known as which type of compounds?
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What type of reactions can unsaturated hydrocarbons predominantly undergo?
What type of reactions can unsaturated hydrocarbons predominantly undergo?
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Which of these compounds is a product of isomerism?
Which of these compounds is a product of isomerism?
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What is the defining characteristic of members of a homologous series?
What is the defining characteristic of members of a homologous series?
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Which functional group is associated with the basic character mentioned in the content?
Which functional group is associated with the basic character mentioned in the content?
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What is the general molecular formula for the alkane group?
What is the general molecular formula for the alkane group?
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How do physical properties of homologous series members change?
How do physical properties of homologous series members change?
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What is the simplest member of the hydrocarbon homologous series mentioned?
What is the simplest member of the hydrocarbon homologous series mentioned?
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What happens to the reactivity of members in a homologous series as the molecular mass increases?
What happens to the reactivity of members in a homologous series as the molecular mass increases?
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Which method is used to prepare members of the alkane group?
Which method is used to prepare members of the alkane group?
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Which of the following statements is true about the members of a homologous series?
Which of the following statements is true about the members of a homologous series?
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What is required for a combustible substance to undergo combustion?
What is required for a combustible substance to undergo combustion?
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Which of the following statements about carbon compounds is true?
Which of the following statements about carbon compounds is true?
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What type of flame do alkanes produce in ample oxygen conditions?
What type of flame do alkanes produce in ample oxygen conditions?
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What occurs during the process of cracking in hydrocarbons?
What occurs during the process of cracking in hydrocarbons?
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Which of the following is NOT a product of combustion of carbon compounds?
Which of the following is NOT a product of combustion of carbon compounds?
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What happens when there is limited supply of oxygen during the combustion of hydrocarbons?
What happens when there is limited supply of oxygen during the combustion of hydrocarbons?
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Which of the following substances is considered an ideal fuel?
Which of the following substances is considered an ideal fuel?
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What is the role of ignition temperature in the combustion process?
What is the role of ignition temperature in the combustion process?
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What is the IUPAC name of acetic acid?
What is the IUPAC name of acetic acid?
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What happens to acetic acid when the temperature falls below 290K?
What happens to acetic acid when the temperature falls below 290K?
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Which of the following best describes the behavior of acetic acid in polar media?
Which of the following best describes the behavior of acetic acid in polar media?
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What type of reaction occurs between acetic acid and strongly electropositive metals?
What type of reaction occurs between acetic acid and strongly electropositive metals?
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What is produced when acetic acid reacts with alcohols in the presence of dehydrating agents?
What is produced when acetic acid reacts with alcohols in the presence of dehydrating agents?
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What color change does acetic acid cause to blue litmus paper?
What color change does acetic acid cause to blue litmus paper?
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What gas is liberated when acetic acid reacts with carbonates and bicarbonates?
What gas is liberated when acetic acid reacts with carbonates and bicarbonates?
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Which property allows acetic acid to exhibit characteristics of both an alkyl group and an acid?
Which property allows acetic acid to exhibit characteristics of both an alkyl group and an acid?
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Study Notes
Introduction
- Carbon compounds are crucial in daily life, found in foods, fuels, household items, fabrics, and pharmaceuticals.
- Hydrocarbons are compounds containing carbon and hydrogen.
- Organic compounds include hydrocarbons and compounds derived from them.
Bonding in Carbon - The Covalent Bond
- A covalent bond forms when atoms mutually share electron pairs.
- Sharing one pair forms a single bond, more than one pair forms multiple bonds (double or triple).
- Covalent compounds exist as molecules, typically as liquids or gases at room temperature.
- They generally have low melting and boiling points, and are often insoluble in water.
- Covalent compounds are poor conductors of electricity in the molten or dissolved state.
Types of Covalent Bonds
- Single Bond (Hydrogen Molecule): Hydrogen atoms share one electron pair to achieve stable electron configuration.
- Double Bond (Oxygen Molecule): Oxygen atoms share two pairs of electrons to achieve stable electron configuration.
- Triple Bond (Nitrogen Molecule): Nitrogen atoms share three pairs of electrons to achieve stable electron configuration.
Allotropes of Carbon
- Allotropy is the phenomenon where an element exists in different forms.
- Carbon's allotropes include diamond, graphite, and amorphous forms like coal, charcoal, and lamp black
- Diamond and graphite differ significantly in their physical properties due to their different structures.
Carbon Compounds
- Saturated Hydrocarbons: contain only single bonds between carbon atoms
- Unsaturated Hydrocarbons : contain double or triple bonds between carbon atoms
- Homologous Series: a series of organic compounds with a similar structure and composition that differ by a -CH2- group.
- Examples of carbon homologous series include alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes.
Important Carbon Compounds
- Ethanol: a colorless liquid, used as a solvent and in alcoholic beverages, it reacts with Sodium metal to liberate hydrogen gas and reacts with Phosphorus trichloride to form ethyl chloride and with concentrated sulfuric acid at 170°C to form ethane.
- Acetic Acid: a colorless liquid (vinegar), used in various industries and reacts with bases to neutralize them.
Classification of Hydrocarbons
- Open-chain (aliphatic/acyclic)
- Carbocyclic (alicyclic/aromatic)
Nomenclature of Carbon Compounds
- Trivial: Common names
- IUPAC: systematic, universally used names
- IUPAC naming involves a root (number of carbon atoms), a suffix (type of bonds or functional group), and a prefix (other functional groups and their positions).
Chemical Properties of Carbon Containing Compounds
- Combustion: reaction in the presence of oxygen forming carbon dioxide and water.
- Oxidation: reaction with oxygen to form carbon oxides.
- Addition Reactions: typical of unsaturated hydrocarbons.
- Substitution Reactions : typical of saturated hydrocarbons.
Soaps and Detergents
- Both are cleansing agents, but detergents are better at cleaning in hard water.
- Soap is derived from fats and oils; detergents are synthesized from petroleum.
- Detergents are often less biodegradable than soap.
Isomerism
- Isomerism is where compounds have the same molecular formula but different structures and arrangement of atoms.
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Description
Test your knowledge on carbon allotropes such as diamond and graphite. This quiz covers their structures, properties, and the chemical processes related to these unique forms of carbon. Explore characteristics like conductivity, stability, and solubility of organic compounds.
