33 Questions
What are the main uses of carbohydrates?
Source of energy and structural components
What is the molar ratio of carbohydrates in terms of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen?
C1H2O1
Which type of carbohydrate can be categorized as a simple building block?
Monosaccharides
What determines how two sugars interact when forming a bond in disaccharides?
Anomeric carbon
What type of bond is formed between the anomeric carbon of maltose?
Alpha (1-4) bond
Which group attacks the aldehyde group to form an intramolecular hemiacetal group in the formation of cyclic glucose?
Hydroxyl group
In which position does the OH group point when the alcohol group attacks the aldehyde from the top in the formation of cyclic glucose?
Equatorial position
What is the main property of enantiomers?
Same chemical formula and mirror images
How can D glucose be identified based on its penultimate carbon?
Hydroxyl pointing right
Which test is used to detect reducing sugars like glucose in a sample?
Benedict’s test
What color does starch turn when iodine is added to it?
Blue-black
What type of glycosylation occurs on amino acids serine and threonine?
O-linked glycosylation
What is the composition of starch?
Amylose and amylopectin
What type of linkage does cellulose have between glucose units?
Beta 1-4 linkage
Which type of bond does glycogen have at its branching points?
Alpha 1-6 glycosidic linkages
Which type of test is used to detect for the presence of starch?
Iodine test
What is the result of the alcohol group attacking the aldehyde from the top in the formation of cyclic glucose?
The OH group points across in an equatorial position
What is the composition of starch?
Both amylose and amylopectin with different glycosidic bonds
Which type of glycosylation occurs on amino acids serine and threonine?
O-linked glycosylation
What is the main property of enantiomers?
They are mirror images of each other
What determines how two sugars interact when forming a bond in disaccharides?
The chirality of the anomeric carbon
What color does starch turn when iodine is added to it?
Blue-black
What type of bond does glycogen have at its branching points?
Alpha 1-6 glycosidic bond
Which test is used to detect reducing sugars like glucose in a sample?
Benedict's test
In which position does the OH group point when the alcohol group attacks the aldehyde from the back in the formation of cyclic glucose?
Axial position pointing down
What type of linkage does cellulose have between glucose units?
Beta 1-4 linkages
Why are disaccharide bond types drawn differently?
To indicate the orientation and shape of the bond between the two disaccharides
What determines the labeling of carbons in hexoses?
The number of hydrogens attached to each carbon
What dictates how two sugars interact when forming a bond in disaccharides?
The anomeric carbon of the sugars
In which form can any carbohydrate exist?
Both cyclic and linear forms
What type of bond does glycogen have at its branching points?
Alpha-1,6-glycosidic bond
What are the main uses of carbohydrates?
Source of energy and structural components
which form of carbohydrates is favoured?
cyclic
Study Notes
Carbohydrate Properties and Structure
- Carbohydrates have various uses, including providing energy, forming structures, and serving as markers for cell recognition.
- The general molar ratio of carbohydrates is CH2O, with varying Carbon:Hydrogen:Oxygen ratios depending on the specific carbohydrate.
Simple Carbohydrate Building Blocks
- Monosaccharides, such as glucose, are simple building blocks of carbohydrates.
Disaccharide Formation
- The type of bond formed between the anomeric carbon of maltose is an α-1,4-glycosidic bond.
- The orientation of the OH group determines how two sugars interact when forming a bond in disaccharides.
Cyclic Glucose Formation
- In the formation of cyclic glucose, the hydroxymethyl group attacks the aldehyde from the top, resulting in a hemiacetal ring.
- The OH group points downwards when the alcohol group attacks the aldehyde from the top.
Properties of Enantiomers
- Enantiomers have the main property of being non-superimposable mirror images of each other.
Identifying D-Glucose
- D-glucose can be identified based on its penultimate carbon.
Detecting Reducing Sugars
- The Benedict's test is used to detect reducing sugars like glucose in a sample.
Starch Properties
- Starch turns blue-black when iodine is added to it.
- Starch is composed of long chains of α-glucose units linked by α-1,4-glycosidic bonds.
Glycosylation
- O-glycosylation occurs on amino acids serine and threonine.
Cellulose and Glycogen Structure
- Cellulose has β-1,4-glycosidic linkages between glucose units.
- Glycogen has α-1,4-glycosidic linkages between glucose units, with α-1,6-glycosidic bonds at its branching points.
Detecting Starch and Glycogen
- Iodine test is used to detect the presence of starch.
Test your knowledge about the structures and functions of carbohydrates, including their role as a source of energy, structural components, and attachment to proteins. Learn about the different types of carbohydrates and their simple building blocks.
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