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Questions and Answers
Which of the following monosaccharides is commonly used by cells as an energy source?
Which of the following monosaccharides is commonly used by cells as an energy source?
- Fructose
- Galactose
- Glucose (correct)
- Ribose
Which disaccharide is created during the fermentation process by yeast?
Which disaccharide is created during the fermentation process by yeast?
- Cellulose
- Sucrose
- Maltose (correct)
- Lactose
What is the main function of glycogen in animals?
What is the main function of glycogen in animals?
- Short-term energy storage (correct)
- Long-term energy storage
- Transporting water in cells
- Structural support in cell walls
Which of the following polysaccharides is primarily used for structural purposes?
Which of the following polysaccharides is primarily used for structural purposes?
What is the primary function of cellulose in plants?
What is the primary function of cellulose in plants?
Which of the following carbohydrates would be classified as a simple sugar?
Which of the following carbohydrates would be classified as a simple sugar?
What is a key characteristic of polysaccharides?
What is a key characteristic of polysaccharides?
Which of the following is a component of the exoskeleton in arthropods?
Which of the following is a component of the exoskeleton in arthropods?
What reaction is involved in joining monomers to form polymers?
What reaction is involved in joining monomers to form polymers?
What is the effect of hydrolysis on polymers?
What is the effect of hydrolysis on polymers?
Which type of carbohydrate is classified as having two sugar units?
Which type of carbohydrate is classified as having two sugar units?
Which function of carbohydrates is primarily associated with providing energy?
Which function of carbohydrates is primarily associated with providing energy?
What is the primary role of polysaccharides in living organisms?
What is the primary role of polysaccharides in living organisms?
What is the process called that means 'to break' in biochemical terms?
What is the process called that means 'to break' in biochemical terms?
What distinguishes monosaccharides from other carbohydrates?
What distinguishes monosaccharides from other carbohydrates?
How do carbohydrates assist in plant structure?
How do carbohydrates assist in plant structure?
What is the primary role of lipids in biological systems?
What is the primary role of lipids in biological systems?
Which functional group is commonly associated with increased reactivity in organic molecules?
Which functional group is commonly associated with increased reactivity in organic molecules?
How are carbohydrates primarily classified?
How are carbohydrates primarily classified?
What distinguishes structural carbohydrates from other types of carbohydrates?
What distinguishes structural carbohydrates from other types of carbohydrates?
Which biomolecule is primarily responsible for long-term energy storage?
Which biomolecule is primarily responsible for long-term energy storage?
Which of the following is an example of an isomer?
Which of the following is an example of an isomer?
What process breaks down polymers into monomers during digestion?
What process breaks down polymers into monomers during digestion?
In the context of biomolecules, what does the term 'carbon skeleton' refer to?
In the context of biomolecules, what does the term 'carbon skeleton' refer to?
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Study Notes
Monosaccharides (Simple Sugars)
- Single sugar molecules, serving as monomers for larger carbohydrates.
- Common monosaccharides include glucose (C6H12O6), fructose, and galactose.
- Glucose is the preferred energy source for cells.
- Ribose and deoxyribose are essential for RNA and DNA structure.
Disaccharides
- Formed by the bonding of two monosaccharides via dehydration reactions.
- Key disaccharides include:
- Maltose: produced during brewing as yeast ferments it into energy, resulting in ethyl alcohol as a byproduct.
- Sucrose: commonly known as table sugar, derived from sugarcane and sugar beets.
- Lactose: a sugar found in milk.
Polysaccharides (Energy Storage)
- Complex carbohydrates composed of many monosaccharides linked together.
- Functions include:
- Short-term energy storage:
- Glycogen in animals.
- Starch in plants.
- Structural roles:
- Cellulose forms plant cell walls.
- Chitin is found in exoskeletons of crabs, lobsters, and insects, plus in fungi.
- Peptidoglycan is a structural component in bacteria.
- Short-term energy storage:
Biomolecular Reactions
- Dehydration Synthesis: A reaction that joins monomers to create polymers by removing water.
- Hydrolysis: A reaction that breaks down polymers into monomers by adding water.
Carbohydrates Overview
- Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (CH2O).
- Serve primarily as immediate energy sources in living organisms and have structural roles in plants and fungi.
- Categorized based on the number of sugar units:
- Monosaccharides: single units.
- Disaccharides: two units.
- Polysaccharides: multiple units.
Carbon Skeleton and Functional Groups
- The carbon chain of biomolecules is known as the skeleton or backbone.
- A functional group is a specific arrangement of atoms that imparts consistent chemical properties and behaviors.
- The reactivity of organic molecules is heavily influenced by their attached functional groups, often represented as "R" in structural formulas.
Isomers
- Molecules with the same chemical formula but different structural arrangements.
- Example: Glucose and Fructose (both C6H12O6) exhibit different properties and functions due to structural differences.
- Structure is key to function, influencing how molecules interact chemically.
Biological Molecules of Cells
- Biomolecules include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
- Digestion processes convert large polymers into smaller monomers, facilitating nutrient absorption and utilization.
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