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Questions and Answers
Which polysaccharide gives a red color with iodine?
What is the most abundant carbohydrate found in nature?
Which carbohydrate can't be digested in carnivorous animals and humans?
Which polysaccharide is used in the investigation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
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Which polysaccharide is insoluble in water, acid, and alkalis?
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Which heterogenous polysaccharide can be hydrolyzed by hyaluronidase enzyme present in sperm heads and secreted by some bacteria?
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What is the result of the oxidation of the aldhyde group in Monosaccharides?
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What substance is formed when Monosaccharides react with phosphoric acid?
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Which sugar alcohol is derived from Xylose?
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What is produced when both the aldhyde and alcoholic groups in Monosaccharides undergo oxidation?
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In which Monosaccharide structure do D-glucuronic and L-Iduronic acids play a role?
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What is the function of D-Ribitol in the body?
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What is the main difference between amylose and amylopectin in starch?
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Which type of dextrin is produced by hydrolysis of starch and includes amylodextrin, erythrodextrin, and achrodextrin?
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How is dextran produced?
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What is the main function of glycogen?
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What is the characteristic structure of cellulose?
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Which statement accurately describes amylose?
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Study Notes
Homogenous Polysaccharides
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Starch is formed from two chief constituents: amylose and amylopectin
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Amylose is a straight chain and helical structure formed from α-D-glucose units linked by α-1-4 glycosidic linkages
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It gives a blue color with iodine and forms the inner part of the granule, constituting 15-20% of starch granule
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Amylopectin is a highly branched chain formed from α-D-glucose units linked by α-1-4 glycosidic linkage and α-1-6 glycosidic linkage at point of branching
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It gives a violet color with iodine and forms the outer part of the granule, constituting 80-85% of starch granule
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Partial hydrolysis with amylase enzyme or acids gives various types of dextrins
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Complete hydrolysis by amylase enzyme gives amylose
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Complete hydrolysis by acid gives glucose units
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Dextrin is produced by hydrolysis of starch (amylopectin) and includes amylodextrin, erythrodextrin, and achrodextrin
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Dextran is produced by bacteria, formed from α-D-glucose linked by α-1-3, 1-4, and 1-6 glycosidic linkage
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It is used in hypovolemia as fluid therapy for shock treatment and in emergency as supportive treatment
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Glycogen is called animal starch and is the main storage form of carbohydrates in animal tissues (liver and muscle)
Heterogenous Polysaccharides
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Hyaluronic acid is formed from β-glucuronic acid attached to β-N-acetyl glucosamine by β-1-3 and 1-4 glycosidic linkages
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It is present in subcutaneous tissues, synovial fluid, vitreous humor of the eye, and umbilical cord
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It hydrolyzed by hyaluronidase enzyme present in heads of sperms and secreted by some bacteria
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Chondroitin sulfates are formed from β-glucuronic acid attached to β-N-acetyl galactosamine by β 1-3 and β 1-4 glycosidic linkages
Other Polysaccharides
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Inulin is formed from repeated units of α-D fructose joined by α 1-2 glycosidic linkage
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It is soluble in warm water and is used in investigation of glomerular filtration (GFR) as it is not absorbed by renal tubules
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Chitin is found in the exoskeleton of insects (invertebrates) and is formed from β-N-acetyl glucosamine units linked by β-1-4 glycosidic linkage
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It is insoluble in water, acid, and alkalis
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Cellulose is the most abundant carbohydrate found in nature and is formed from β-D-glucose linked by β-1,4 glycosidic linkage
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It is insoluble in water and cannot be digested in carnivorous animals and humans, but is important in stimulating peristaltic movement
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In herbivorous animals, there are microorganisms that have enzymes that can attack the β linkage, producing cellobiose on hydrolysis
Properties of Monosaccharides and Sugar Derivatives
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Effect of acid: Phosphoric acid forms ester with glucose, while sulphuric acid removes water from monosaccharides, giving a substance called furfural or hydroxyl methyl furfural
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Oxidation:
- Oxidation of aldhyde group produces aldonic acid (e.g., glucose gives gluconic acid)
- Oxidation of last alcoholic group produces uronic acid (e.g., glucose gives glucuronic acid)
- Oxidation of both aldhyde and alcoholic groups produces saccharic acid (e.g., glucose gives glucaric acid)
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Reduction:
- Production of sugar alcohols: sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol, ribitol, and inositol
- Inositol is a cyclic alcohol derived from glucose, present in muscle, and is a member of vitamin B-complex
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Description
Test your knowledge on carbohydrates with a focus on starch and cellulose properties, structures, and functions. Learn about the differences between these two important polysaccharides found in nature.
