Carbohydrates Quiz: Starch and Cellulose
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Questions and Answers

Which polysaccharide gives a red color with iodine?

  • Glycogen
  • Starch (correct)
  • Cellulose
  • Dextrin

What is the most abundant carbohydrate found in nature?

  • Cellulose (correct)
  • Glycogen
  • Dextrin
  • Starch

Which carbohydrate can't be digested in carnivorous animals and humans?

  • Cellulose (correct)
  • Starch
  • Glycogen
  • Dextran

Which polysaccharide is used in the investigation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

<p>Inulin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which polysaccharide is insoluble in water, acid, and alkalis?

<p>Chitin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which heterogenous polysaccharide can be hydrolyzed by hyaluronidase enzyme present in sperm heads and secreted by some bacteria?

<p>Hyaluronic acid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the oxidation of the aldhyde group in Monosaccharides?

<p>Production of aldonic acid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What substance is formed when Monosaccharides react with phosphoric acid?

<p>Glucose-1-phosphate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sugar alcohol is derived from Xylose?

<p>Xylitol (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is produced when both the aldhyde and alcoholic groups in Monosaccharides undergo oxidation?

<p>Saccharic acid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which Monosaccharide structure do D-glucuronic and L-Iduronic acids play a role?

<p>Muco-polysaccharides (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of D-Ribitol in the body?

<p>Development of vitamin B-complex (B2) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between amylose and amylopectin in starch?

<p>Amylose is formed from α-D-glucose units linked by α-1-4 glycosidic linkages, while amylopectin has α-1-6 glycosidic linkages at branching points. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of dextrin is produced by hydrolysis of starch and includes amylodextrin, erythrodextrin, and achrodextrin?

<p>Amylodextrin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is dextran produced?

<p>By bacteria, formed from glucose linked by glycosidic linkages (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of glycogen?

<p>Main storage form of carbohydrates in animal tissues (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic structure of cellulose?

<p>Linear chain of glucose units linked by β-1,4 glycosidic linkages (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes amylose?

<p>Partial hydrolysis gives various types of dextrins. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Homogenous Polysaccharides

  • Starch is formed from two chief constituents: amylose and amylopectin

  • Amylose is a straight chain and helical structure formed from α-D-glucose units linked by α-1-4 glycosidic linkages

  • It gives a blue color with iodine and forms the inner part of the granule, constituting 15-20% of starch granule

  • Amylopectin is a highly branched chain formed from α-D-glucose units linked by α-1-4 glycosidic linkage and α-1-6 glycosidic linkage at point of branching

  • It gives a violet color with iodine and forms the outer part of the granule, constituting 80-85% of starch granule

  • Partial hydrolysis with amylase enzyme or acids gives various types of dextrins

  • Complete hydrolysis by amylase enzyme gives amylose

  • Complete hydrolysis by acid gives glucose units

  • Dextrin is produced by hydrolysis of starch (amylopectin) and includes amylodextrin, erythrodextrin, and achrodextrin

  • Dextran is produced by bacteria, formed from α-D-glucose linked by α-1-3, 1-4, and 1-6 glycosidic linkage

  • It is used in hypovolemia as fluid therapy for shock treatment and in emergency as supportive treatment

  • Glycogen is called animal starch and is the main storage form of carbohydrates in animal tissues (liver and muscle)

Heterogenous Polysaccharides

  • Hyaluronic acid is formed from β-glucuronic acid attached to β-N-acetyl glucosamine by β-1-3 and 1-4 glycosidic linkages

  • It is present in subcutaneous tissues, synovial fluid, vitreous humor of the eye, and umbilical cord

  • It hydrolyzed by hyaluronidase enzyme present in heads of sperms and secreted by some bacteria

  • Chondroitin sulfates are formed from β-glucuronic acid attached to β-N-acetyl galactosamine by β 1-3 and β 1-4 glycosidic linkages

Other Polysaccharides

  • Inulin is formed from repeated units of α-D fructose joined by α 1-2 glycosidic linkage

  • It is soluble in warm water and is used in investigation of glomerular filtration (GFR) as it is not absorbed by renal tubules

  • Chitin is found in the exoskeleton of insects (invertebrates) and is formed from β-N-acetyl glucosamine units linked by β-1-4 glycosidic linkage

  • It is insoluble in water, acid, and alkalis

  • Cellulose is the most abundant carbohydrate found in nature and is formed from β-D-glucose linked by β-1,4 glycosidic linkage

  • It is insoluble in water and cannot be digested in carnivorous animals and humans, but is important in stimulating peristaltic movement

  • In herbivorous animals, there are microorganisms that have enzymes that can attack the β linkage, producing cellobiose on hydrolysis

Properties of Monosaccharides and Sugar Derivatives

  • Effect of acid: Phosphoric acid forms ester with glucose, while sulphuric acid removes water from monosaccharides, giving a substance called furfural or hydroxyl methyl furfural

  • Oxidation:

    • Oxidation of aldhyde group produces aldonic acid (e.g., glucose gives gluconic acid)
    • Oxidation of last alcoholic group produces uronic acid (e.g., glucose gives glucuronic acid)
    • Oxidation of both aldhyde and alcoholic groups produces saccharic acid (e.g., glucose gives glucaric acid)
  • Reduction:

    • Production of sugar alcohols: sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol, ribitol, and inositol
    • Inositol is a cyclic alcohol derived from glucose, present in muscle, and is a member of vitamin B-complex

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Test your knowledge on carbohydrates with a focus on starch and cellulose properties, structures, and functions. Learn about the differences between these two important polysaccharides found in nature.

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