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Questions and Answers
What is the most common monosaccharide that serves as a major nutrient and fuel for cells?
What is the most common monosaccharide that serves as a major nutrient and fuel for cells?
Which of the following correctly describes disaccharides?
Which of the following correctly describes disaccharides?
What type of polysaccharide do plants primarily use to store excess glucose?
What type of polysaccharide do plants primarily use to store excess glucose?
Which of the following statements about cellulose is true?
Which of the following statements about cellulose is true?
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What is the result of a dehydration reaction between two monosaccharides?
What is the result of a dehydration reaction between two monosaccharides?
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What is the primary structure of a protein composed of?
What is the primary structure of a protein composed of?
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Which of the following represents a group of amino acids based on their side chain properties?
Which of the following represents a group of amino acids based on their side chain properties?
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What does the term 'N-terminus' refer to in a polypeptide?
What does the term 'N-terminus' refer to in a polypeptide?
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What type of reaction is responsible for the formation of peptide bonds?
What type of reaction is responsible for the formation of peptide bonds?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding polypeptides?
Which of the following statements is true regarding polypeptides?
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How does the side chain of an amino acid influence a protein?
How does the side chain of an amino acid influence a protein?
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What are the basic building blocks of proteins?
What are the basic building blocks of proteins?
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Which characteristic of a protein is primarily determined by its 3D shape?
Which characteristic of a protein is primarily determined by its 3D shape?
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What is one of the primary functions of antibodies?
What is one of the primary functions of antibodies?
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Which level of protein structure is characterized by the linear chain of amino acids?
Which level of protein structure is characterized by the linear chain of amino acids?
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What type of bond is significant in forming the secondary structure of proteins?
What type of bond is significant in forming the secondary structure of proteins?
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What interaction is primarily responsible for the tertiary structure of a protein?
What interaction is primarily responsible for the tertiary structure of a protein?
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What characterizes the quaternary structure of proteins?
What characterizes the quaternary structure of proteins?
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Which of the following functions is NOT performed by proteins?
Which of the following functions is NOT performed by proteins?
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What role do enzymes play in the body?
What role do enzymes play in the body?
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How does the deletion of nucleotides in the CFTR gene potentially lead to cystic fibrosis?
How does the deletion of nucleotides in the CFTR gene potentially lead to cystic fibrosis?
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What is the complementary strand of the given DNA segment 5’-CATGTCAAC-3’?
What is the complementary strand of the given DNA segment 5’-CATGTCAAC-3’?
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Which characteristic is true for lipids?
Which characteristic is true for lipids?
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What components make up fats?
What components make up fats?
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What type of fatty acid has no double bonds between carbon atoms?
What type of fatty acid has no double bonds between carbon atoms?
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What is a major characteristic of phospholipids?
What is a major characteristic of phospholipids?
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Which structure is characteristic of steroids?
Which structure is characteristic of steroids?
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Which of the following accurately describes the composition of nucleic acids?
Which of the following accurately describes the composition of nucleic acids?
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Which of the following statements about lipids is false?
Which of the following statements about lipids is false?
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Which component distinguishes DNA from RNA?
Which component distinguishes DNA from RNA?
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What is the primary function of nucleic acids?
What is the primary function of nucleic acids?
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Which of the following statements about purines is true?
Which of the following statements about purines is true?
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What type of bond is formed between nucleotides in a polynucleotide?
What type of bond is formed between nucleotides in a polynucleotide?
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In DNA, what is the complement of adenine?
In DNA, what is the complement of adenine?
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Which structural characteristic of DNA contributes to its stability?
Which structural characteristic of DNA contributes to its stability?
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Which nitrogenous base is unique to RNA?
Which nitrogenous base is unique to RNA?
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What is the directionality of a polynucleotide chain?
What is the directionality of a polynucleotide chain?
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What structural feature of RNA allows it to have a variable shape?
What structural feature of RNA allows it to have a variable shape?
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Which two bases pair together in DNA?
Which two bases pair together in DNA?
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Study Notes
Carbohydrates
- Carbohydrates include sugars and polymers of sugars.
- Contain a carbonyl group and many hydroxyl groups.
- Made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
- Monosaccharides are simple sugars with molecular formulas that are multiples of the unit CH2O.
- Glucose is the most common monosaccharide.
- Glucose is a nutrient and fuel for cells used in cellular respiration.
- Monosaccharides can serve as building blocks for amino acids or as monomers for di- and polysaccharides.
- Disaccharides are two monosaccharides joined together by covalent bonds.
- Sucrose is the most common disaccharide.
- The monomers of sucrose are glucose and fructose.
- Plants transfer carbohydrates from roots to leaves in the form of sucrose.
- Polysaccharides are polymers with many sugars joined via dehydration reactions.
- Starch is a storage polysaccharide.
- Plants store starch, which is a polymer of glucose monomers.
- Starch allows plants to store excess glucose.
- Glycogen is a storage polysaccharide that is a polymer of glucose that is stored in liver and muscle cells.
- Cellulose is a structural polysaccharide that forms tough plant cell walls.
- Chitin is a structural polysaccharide that forms the exoskeletons of arthropods.
Proteins
- Proteins are molecules consisting of polypeptides (polymers of amino acids) folded into a three-dimensional shape.
- Proteins are comprised of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur.
- The shape of a protein determines its function.
- Amino acids are molecules with an amino group and a carboxyl group.
- There are 20 different amino acids.
- Each amino acid has a unique side chain.
- Different aspects of the amino acid are based on the side chain’s physical and chemical properties.
- Side chains can be grouped as nonpolar (hydrophobic), polar (hydrophilic), or charged/ionic (hydrophilic).
- Interactions between side chains determine the shape and function of a protein.
- To form a peptide bond the carboxyl group of one amino acid must be positioned next to the amino group of another amino acid.
- This bond is formed via a dehydration reaction.
- Polypeptides are chains of many amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
- Each polypeptide has a unique sequence of amino acids and directionality.
- One end of a polypeptide is a free amino group (N-terminus) and the other is a free carboxyl end (C-terminus).
- The sequence of amino acids determines the 3D shape of a polypeptide.
- When a polypeptide twists and folds due to amino acid interactions, it forms a protein.
- Unique sequences of AAs for polypeptides are determined by genes.
- Proteins function as antibodies, enzymes, messengers, structural elements, and transport/storage molecules.
- Antibodies help to protect the body from disease.
- Enzymes carry out chemical reactions or assist in creating new molecules.
- Messengers transmit signals such as hormones.
- Structural proteins provide structure and support.
- Transport/storage proteins bind to and carry small atoms and molecules through the body.
Levels of Protein Structure
- The primary structure of a protein is the linear chain of amino acids.
- The primary structure is determined by the genes and dictates the secondary and tertiary structures.
- The secondary structure of a protein is the coils and folds due to hydrogen bonding within the polypeptide backbone.
- Two forms of secondary protein structure are the alpha helix and the beta pleated sheet.
- The tertiary structure of a protein is the 3D folding due to interactions between the side chains of the amino acids.
- Tertiary protein structure is reinforced by hydrophobic interactions and disulfide bridges.
- The quaternary structure of a protein is the association of two or more polypeptides.
- Quaternary structure is only found in some proteins.
Nucleic Acids
- Nucleic acids are polymers made up of nucleotide monomers.
- Nucleic acids store, transmit, and express hereditary information.
- There are two basic forms of nucleic acids: deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA).
Components of Nucleic Acids
- Nucleotides are the monomers of nucleic acids.
- Polynucleotides are polymers of nucleotides.
- Nucleic acids are comprised of nucleotides.
Nucleotides
- A nucleotide contains a nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar (pentose), and a phosphate group.
- In a polynucleotide, each monomer only has one phosphate group.
Nitrogenous Bases
- There are two types of nitrogenous bases: pyrimidines and purines.
- Pyrimidines have one six-atom ring.
- Pyrimidines include cytosine, thymine, and uracil.
- Thymine is only found in DNA, while uracil is only found in RNA.
- Purines have one six-atom ring bonded to one five-atom ring.
- Purines include adenine and guanine.
Five-Carbon Sugar
- A sugar is bonded to the base.
- In DNA, the sugar is deoxyribose.
- In RNA, the sugar is ribose.
Phosphate Group
- A phosphate group is added to the 5’ carbon of the sugar (which is attached to the base) to form a nucleotide
- A nucleoside is the portion of the nucleotide without the phosphate group.
Polynucleotides
- Phosphate groups link adjacent nucleotides via a phosphodiester linkage.
- Polynucleotides have directionality.
- The 5' end has a phosphate group, while the 3' end has a hydroxyl group.
- The sequence of bases along the DNA or mRNA is unique for each gene.
- This sequence dictates the amino acid sequence which, in turn, dictates the primary structure of a protein.
- The primary structure of a protein dictates the 3D structure of a protein.
DNA
- DNA consists of two polynucleotides that form a double helix.
- The strands are antiparallel.
- The strands are held together by hydrogen bonds between bases.
- Cytosine binds to guanine.
- Adenine binds to thymine.
RNA
- RNA is a single-stranded polynucleotide.
- RNA is variable in shape due to base pairing within the molecule.
- Adenine bonds to uracil.
- Cytosine bonds to guanine.
Lipids
- Lipids are a class of molecules that are not considered to be true polymers.
- Lipids are generally small in size and are not considered to be macromolecules.
- Lipids are nonpolar and hydrophobic.
- The three main types of lipids are fats, phospholipids, and steroids.
Fats
- Fats are composed of glycerol and fatty acids.
- Glycerol is an alcohol with hydroxyl groups.
- Fatty acids are long carbon chains with a carboxyl group at one end.
- Three fatty acids join to a glycerol via an ester linkage, which forms a bond between a hydroxyl and carboxyl group.
- Fatty acids are classified as saturated or unsaturated.
- Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds between carbons in the carbon chain. This means they are saturated with hydrogen.
- Unsaturated fatty acids contain one or more double bonds in the carbon chain.
Phospholipids
- Phospholipids are a major component of cell membranes.
- Phospholipids have two fatty acids attached to a glycerol and a phosphate group.
- Phospholipids assemble as a bilayer in water.
- The tails of phospholipids are hydrophobic, while the heads are hydrophilic.
Steroids
- Steroids are lipids with four fused rings.
- Unique groups attached to the rings determine the type of steroid.
- Testosterone is an example of a steroid.
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Description
Test your knowledge on carbohydrates, including their structures and functions. Explore the differences between monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides, and learn about the importance of glucose and starch in biological systems. This quiz will challenge your understanding of essential carbohydrate concepts.
