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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is an example of an oligosaccharide?
How many carbon atoms can naturally occurring monosaccharides have?
What type of bond forms between monosaccharides to create disaccharides?
Which type of monosaccharide contains a carbonyl group at the end of its carbon skeleton?
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What type of projection accurately represents the ring form of sugars?
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Which of the following is a primary function of carbohydrates in the body?
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What is the chemical composition ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in carbohydrates?
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Why do animal cells store excess glucose as glycogen rather than keeping it as glucose?
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Which type of carbohydrate cannot be hydrolyzed into simpler carbohydrates?
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What compound is primarily used by animals for energy storage?
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What role do ribose and deoxyribose play in the body?
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Compared to lipids, why are carbohydrates more readily available as an energy source?
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What is the term used for the building blocks that make up polymers?
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Study Notes
Carbohydrates
- Most abundant organic substance on Earth
- Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
- Hydrogen and oxygen ratio is 2:1 (similar to water)
- Example: Glucose (C6H12O6 or C6(H2O)6)
Biological Significance of Carbohydrates
- Energy source: glucose is used by plants and animals
- Cell membrane components: glycolipids and glycoproteins
- Precursor for other carbohydrates: Glucose is the building block for other carbohydrates, including galactose in lactose (milk)
- Energy storage: Animals store energy as glycogen in muscle and liver tissue
- Structural framework of genetic material: Ribose and deoxyribose are components of RNA and DNA
Why Lipids Are Not the Main Energy Source
- Carbohydrates are more easily accessible as respiratory substrates compared to lipids
- Lipids are a richer energy source, but they are used only when carbohydrates are unavailable
Why Glucose Is Stored as Glycogen
- Glucose cannot be stored directly in cells due to its high osmotic pressure
- This would cause excess water entry into the cell through osmosis
- Glycogen, a complex carbohydrate, is osmotically more stable and can be stored efficiently
Carbohydrate Types
- Monosaccharides: Simple sugars that cannot be hydrolyzed further (e.g., Glucose)
- Disaccharides: Formed by the condensation of two monosaccharides (e.g., Lactose)
- Oligosaccharides: Consist of three to ten monosaccharides (e.g., Maltotriose)
- Polysaccharides: Formed by condensation of more than ten monosaccharides (e.g., Glycogen, Starch)
Monosaccharide Classification
- Based on the type of carbonyl group:
- Aldose: Contains an aldehyde group (-CH=O)
- Ketose: Contains a ketone group (-C=O)
- Based on the number of carbon atoms:
- Triose: 3 carbons
- Tetrose: 4 carbons
- Pentose: 5 carbons
- Hexose: 6 carbons
- Heptose: 7 carbons
Monosaccharide Cyclization
- Aldopyranoses (like glucose and mannose) form a six-membered ring structure
- The C5 hydroxyl group attacks the C1 aldehyde to form a hemiacetal
- This process converts the linear form (Fisher Projection) into the ring form (Haworth Projection)
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Description
This quiz explores the structure, function, and biological significance of carbohydrates, highlighting their role as energy sources, components of cell membranes, and precursors for other biomolecules. It also discusses why carbohydrates are preferred over lipids for energy and the storage of glucose as glycogen.
