Carbohydrates Overview and Metabolism

False (B)

Glucose is converted to glucose-6-phosphate using ATP.

<p>glucose-6-phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Salivary Amylase = Salivary glands Pancreatic Amylase = Pancreas Hexokinase = Liver Intestinal Enzymes = Small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glycogen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>O</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Active ketone or aldehyde group present (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Trioses = 3 Tetroses = 4 Pentoses = 5 Hexoses = 6</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aldehyde group (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glyceraldehyde</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>fructose</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monosaccharides = Simple sugars that cannot be hydrolyzed Disaccharides = Sugars composed of two monosaccharides Oligosaccharides = Sugars composed of a few (3-10) monosaccharides Polysaccharides = Sugars composed of many monosaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alpha Configuration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glucagon (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cortisol</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ACTH (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insulin = Decreases blood glucose levels Glucagon = Increases blood glucose levels Cortisol = Increases gluconeogenesis Epinephrine = Increases glycogenolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increase gluconeogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It requires absolute insulin replacement to prevent ketosis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>25</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>First-degree relative with diabetes = Family history increases the risk. High-risk race/ethnicity = Certain racial groups have higher diabetes prevalence. Physical inactivity = Lack of exercise contributes to insulin resistance. History of CVD = Past cardiovascular issues are linked to diabetes risk.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is associated with strong genetic predisposition. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nephropathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Serum Creatinine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nephropathy = Kidney damage due to diabetes Retinopathy = Eye damage due to diabetes Cardiovascular Disease = Heart-related issues due to diabetes Neuropathy = Nerve damage due to diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

A simple sugar that cannot be broken down into a simpler sugar by hydrolysis.

Carbohydrate that contains an active ketone or aldehyde group that can reduce other compounds.

Carbohydrate that lacks an active ketone or aldehyde group, thus cannot reduce compounds.

Primary source of energy for humans, central to carbohydrate metabolism.

Common non-reducing sugar (table sugar).

Represents the position of the hydroxyl group AWAY from the aldehyde functional group in a carbohydrate molecule.

Shows the position of the -OH group in the anomeric C1 of a carbohydrate molecule.

Mirror image versions of molecules with the same chemical formula, but different configuration around a chiral center.

Categorization of carbohydrates based on the number of carbon atoms (triose, tetrose, pentose, hexose), the position of the carbonyl group (aldehyde or ketone), and the number of sugar units.

Carbohydrates are the primary source of energy for the body, stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles.

Carbohydrates are classified as aldoses (aldehyde group) or ketoses (ketone group) depending on the position of the carbonyl group (C=O).

Carbohydrates have a general formula of Cx(H2O)y, signifying they are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Groups of diseases categorized by hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) or hypoglycemia (low blood sugar).

Starch, a complex carbohydrate, is broken down by amylase into maltose.

Glucose can be processed through various pathways like Embden-Meyerhoff, Hexose Monophosphate, and Glucogenesis.

Amylase is an enzyme that breaks down starch into smaller sugars like maltose.

Glucose is converted to glucose-6-phosphate, using ATP and an enzyme called hexokinase, as the initial step in its metabolism.

Hormones control glucose uptake and utilization in cells.

Antibodies that target components of the pancreas, specifically the insulin-producing beta cells. Examples include anti-islet cell antibodies, anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65) antibodies, and anti-insulin antibodies.

Regular testing for diabetes is recommended for adults with overweight or obesity (BMI ≥25 kg/m2) and additional risk factors such as a family history of diabetes, high-risk ethnicity, history of heart disease, hypertension, high cholesterol, or polycystic ovary syndrome.

People with prediabetes (A1C ≥5.7%, impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting glucose) should be tested for diabetes annually.

Individuals diagnosed with gestational diabetes (GDM) during pregnancy should have regular diabetes testing at least every 3 years for the rest of their lives.

A hormone produced by beta cells in the pancreas, responsible for lowering blood glucose levels by promoting glucose uptake into cells, glycogen synthesis, and protein synthesis.

A hormone produced by alpha cells in the pancreas, responsible for raising blood glucose levels by stimulating glycogen breakdown (glycogenolysis) and gluconeogenesis.

A hormone produced by the adrenal medulla, released during stress, and responsible for rapidly raising blood glucose levels by stimulating glycogen breakdown and inhibiting insulin release.

A hormone produced by the adrenal cortex, released in response to stress, and responsible for increasing blood glucose levels by promoting gluconeogenesis, inhibiting glucose uptake, and stimulating lipolysis.

A hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland, responsible for increasing blood glucose levels by promoting glycogen breakdown and inhibiting glucose uptake.

A hormone produced by the thyroid gland, responsible for increasing blood glucose levels by stimulating gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, and glucose absorption from the gut.

A hormone produced by delta cells in the pancreas and hypothalamus, responsible for inhibiting the release of insulin, glucagon, and growth hormone, ultimately increasing blood glucose levels.

A hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland, responsible for stimulating the release of cortisol from the adrenal cortex, ultimately increasing blood glucose levels.

Long-term consequences of having type 2 diabetes, including damage to the kidneys (nephropathy), nerves (neuropathy), eyes (retinopathy), and cardiovascular system.

Type 1 diabetes involves an autoimmune attack on the pancreas, leading to a complete lack of insulin production. Type 2 diabetes involves insulin resistance and insufficient insulin production.

A form of diabetes that develops during pregnancy due to hormonal changes or metabolic imbalances. Generally resolves after pregnancy.

Elevated levels of glucose in the blood and urine. Other signs include increased urine specific gravity, electrolyte imbalances, and presence of ketones in the blood and urine, which may result in acidosis.

Diabetes insipidus involves a lack of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), leading to increased serum osmolality and decreased urine osmolality. SIADH involves excess ADH, resulting in decreased serum osmolality and increased urine osmolality.

Tests such as serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine, urine albumin, and lipid levels help assess kidney, nerve, and cardiovascular health in individuals with diabetes.

Regular blood glucose monitoring, HbA1c testing, microalbuminuria test, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and point-of-care testing (POCT) are recommended for diabetes management.