Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the blood group when neither GalNAc nor galactose is present?
What is the blood group when neither GalNAc nor galactose is present?
- AB
- A
- O (correct)
- B
Humans can digest cellulose due to the presence of specific enzymes.
Humans can digest cellulose due to the presence of specific enzymes.
False (B)
What is the primary role of SGLT-1 in the absorption of monosaccharides?
What is the primary role of SGLT-1 in the absorption of monosaccharides?
Transport of glucose and galactose with Na+
Normal blood glucose concentration is maintained at about ____ mM.
Normal blood glucose concentration is maintained at about ____ mM.
Match the following carbohydrates with their characteristic bonds:
Match the following carbohydrates with their characteristic bonds:
What is the primary function of glycoproteins?
What is the primary function of glycoproteins?
Proteoglycans are primarily composed of proteins with high carbohydrate content.
Proteoglycans are primarily composed of proteins with high carbohydrate content.
What are glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) known for?
What are glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) known for?
The blood group is A if the terminal sugar on the glycan is __________.
The blood group is A if the terminal sugar on the glycan is __________.
Match the following carbohydrate structures with their characteristic:
Match the following carbohydrate structures with their characteristic:
Which of the following statements is true regarding starch?
Which of the following statements is true regarding starch?
Glycoproteins contain repeating disaccharide units in their structure.
Glycoproteins contain repeating disaccharide units in their structure.
What role do membrane-bound glycoproteins play in the body?
What role do membrane-bound glycoproteins play in the body?
What is the general formula for carbohydrates?
What is the general formula for carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides are classified based on the presence of aldehydes or ketones.
Monosaccharides are classified based on the presence of aldehydes or ketones.
Name two types of polysaccharides.
Name two types of polysaccharides.
A disaccharide forms when two monosaccharides are linked by a __________ bond.
A disaccharide forms when two monosaccharides are linked by a __________ bond.
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Which of the following is NOT a type of carbohydrate?
Which of the following is NOT a type of carbohydrate?
Cellulose is a storage polysaccharide found in plants.
Cellulose is a storage polysaccharide found in plants.
What is the difference between aldoses and ketoses?
What is the difference between aldoses and ketoses?
______ is an example of a 6-carbon aldose.
______ is an example of a 6-carbon aldose.
Which carbohydrate is primarily used for energy storage in animals?
Which carbohydrate is primarily used for energy storage in animals?
Flashcards
Alpha glycosidic bond
Alpha glycosidic bond
A type of glycosidic bond found in starch, which can be broken down by human enzymes.
Beta glycosidic bond
Beta glycosidic bond
A type of glycosidic bond found in cellulose, which humans cannot digest.
SGLT-1
SGLT-1
A protein that transports glucose and galactose into intestinal mucosal cells, using sodium as a co-transporter.
GLUT-5
GLUT-5
A protein that transports fructose into intestinal mucosal cells.
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GLUT-2
GLUT-2
A protein that transports glucose from the intestine into the bloodstream.
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Starch
Starch
A type of polysaccharide that is composed of many glucose molecules linked together in a chain.
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Amylose
Amylose
A linear, unbranched chain of glucose molecules linked by alpha-1,4-glycosidic bonds.
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Amylopectin
Amylopectin
A branched chain of glucose molecules linked by alpha-1,4-glycosidic bonds and alpha-1,6-glycosidic bonds at branch points.
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Proteoglycan
Proteoglycan
A type of macromolecule that consists of a core protein covalently attached to one or more glycosaminoglycan chains.
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Glycosaminoglycan (GAG)
Glycosaminoglycan (GAG)
A type of long, unbranched polysaccharide consisting of repeating disaccharide units.
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Glycoprotein
Glycoprotein
A type of protein with one or more oligosaccharides (glycans) covalently attached to it.
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Glycosylation
Glycosylation
The process of adding sugar molecules to a protein.
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Glycosylation
Glycosylation
The most common post-translational modification of proteins.
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Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
A group of carbonyl compounds, containing aldehydes or ketones, and multiple hydroxyl groups.
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Isomer
Isomer
Same chemical formula, different structural arrangement.
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Monosaccharide
Monosaccharide
A single sugar molecule, the simplest form of carbohydrates.
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Aldose
Aldose
A carbohydrate with an aldehyde group.
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Ketose
Ketose
A carbohydrate with a ketone group.
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Disaccharide
Disaccharide
Two monosaccharides linked together by a glycosidic bond.
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Polysaccharide
Polysaccharide
A long chain of monosaccharides linked together by glycosidic bonds.
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Cellulose
Cellulose
A structural polysaccharide found in plant cell walls.
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Glycogen
Glycogen
A storage polysaccharide found in animals.
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Carbohydrates Overview
- Carbohydrates are a group of carbonyl compounds (aldehydes or ketones) that also have several hydroxyl groups.
- Their general formula is (C⋅H₂O)ₙ.
- Isomers have the same formula but a different structure.
- Examples of isomers include fructose and glucose, both with the formula C₆H₁₂O₆.
Carbohydrate Objectives
- Recognize the general structure of carbohydrates
- Classify carbohydrates (monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides)
- Recognize disaccharides
- Recognize polysaccharides
- Explain carbohydrate-modified protein structures and their functions
- Explain carbohydrate digestion
Carbohydrate Classification
- Classification is based on the number of monomer units
- Monosaccharides: one sugar unit (e.g., glucose, fructose)
- Disaccharides: two sugar units (e.g., sucrose, lactose)
- Oligosaccharides: a few sugar units
- Polysaccharides: many sugar units
Monosaccharides
- Further classified by the type of carbonyl group (aldose or ketose) and the number of carbons (triose, tetrose, pentose, hexose, heptose, etc.)
- Examples include:
- Glyceraldehyde (a triose)
- Ribose (a pentose)
- Glucose (a hexose)
- Fructose (a ketohexose)
Disaccharides
- Formed by the joining of two monosaccharides through a glycosidic bond
- Common examples are:
- Maltose (glucose + glucose)
- Sucrose (glucose + fructose)
- Lactose (galactose + glucose)
Polysaccharides
- Large polymers of monosaccharides
- Used for energy storage (starch, glycogen) or structural support (cellulose, chitin)
- Examples include:
- Starch (energy storage in plants)
- Glycogen (energy storage in animals)
- Cellulose (structural component in plant cell walls)
- Chitin (structural component in exoskeletons and fungal cell walls)
Protein-Carbohydrate Structures
- Carbohydrates can be attached to proteins to form glycoproteins.
- These attachments can affect the protein's function, such as cell recognition or immune response.
- These can also be combined with proteins to form proteoglycans, which are usually found in the extracellular matrix.
- Examples are Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs).
Carbohydrate Digestion
- Enzymes break down glycosidic bonds in carbohydrates.
- Amylases break down starch in the mouth and small intestine.
- Cells lining the small intestine have enzymes that further break down disaccharides into monosaccharides.
- Monosaccharides are then absorbed into the bloodstream.
- Cellulose is not digestible by humans.
Carbohydrate Absorption
- Monosaccharides are absorbed into the intestinal cells.
- Specific transport proteins (e.g., SGLT-1, GLUT-2, GLUT-5) aid in the absorption process.
- Monosaccharides are then transported to other parts of the body.
Carbohydrate Metabolism
- Carbohydrates are central to energy metabolism.
- The blood glucose level (often around 5 mM) is carefully regulated.
- Fluctuations can lead to various symptoms and health problems (hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia).
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