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Questions and Answers
What is the blood group when neither GalNAc nor galactose is present?
What is the blood group when neither GalNAc nor galactose is present?
Humans can digest cellulose due to the presence of specific enzymes.
Humans can digest cellulose due to the presence of specific enzymes.
False
What is the primary role of SGLT-1 in the absorption of monosaccharides?
What is the primary role of SGLT-1 in the absorption of monosaccharides?
Transport of glucose and galactose with Na+
Normal blood glucose concentration is maintained at about ____ mM.
Normal blood glucose concentration is maintained at about ____ mM.
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Match the following carbohydrates with their characteristic bonds:
Match the following carbohydrates with their characteristic bonds:
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What is the primary function of glycoproteins?
What is the primary function of glycoproteins?
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Proteoglycans are primarily composed of proteins with high carbohydrate content.
Proteoglycans are primarily composed of proteins with high carbohydrate content.
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What are glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) known for?
What are glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) known for?
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The blood group is A if the terminal sugar on the glycan is __________.
The blood group is A if the terminal sugar on the glycan is __________.
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Match the following carbohydrate structures with their characteristic:
Match the following carbohydrate structures with their characteristic:
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Which of the following statements is true regarding starch?
Which of the following statements is true regarding starch?
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Glycoproteins contain repeating disaccharide units in their structure.
Glycoproteins contain repeating disaccharide units in their structure.
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What role do membrane-bound glycoproteins play in the body?
What role do membrane-bound glycoproteins play in the body?
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What is the general formula for carbohydrates?
What is the general formula for carbohydrates?
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Monosaccharides are classified based on the presence of aldehydes or ketones.
Monosaccharides are classified based on the presence of aldehydes or ketones.
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Name two types of polysaccharides.
Name two types of polysaccharides.
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A disaccharide forms when two monosaccharides are linked by a __________ bond.
A disaccharide forms when two monosaccharides are linked by a __________ bond.
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Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
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Which of the following is NOT a type of carbohydrate?
Which of the following is NOT a type of carbohydrate?
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Cellulose is a storage polysaccharide found in plants.
Cellulose is a storage polysaccharide found in plants.
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What is the difference between aldoses and ketoses?
What is the difference between aldoses and ketoses?
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______ is an example of a 6-carbon aldose.
______ is an example of a 6-carbon aldose.
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Which carbohydrate is primarily used for energy storage in animals?
Which carbohydrate is primarily used for energy storage in animals?
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Study Notes
Carbohydrates Overview
- Carbohydrates are a group of carbonyl compounds (aldehydes or ketones) that also have several hydroxyl groups.
- Their general formula is (C⋅H₂O)ₙ.
- Isomers have the same formula but a different structure.
- Examples of isomers include fructose and glucose, both with the formula C₆H₁₂O₆.
Carbohydrate Objectives
- Recognize the general structure of carbohydrates
- Classify carbohydrates (monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides)
- Recognize disaccharides
- Recognize polysaccharides
- Explain carbohydrate-modified protein structures and their functions
- Explain carbohydrate digestion
Carbohydrate Classification
- Classification is based on the number of monomer units
- Monosaccharides: one sugar unit (e.g., glucose, fructose)
- Disaccharides: two sugar units (e.g., sucrose, lactose)
- Oligosaccharides: a few sugar units
- Polysaccharides: many sugar units
Monosaccharides
- Further classified by the type of carbonyl group (aldose or ketose) and the number of carbons (triose, tetrose, pentose, hexose, heptose, etc.)
- Examples include:
- Glyceraldehyde (a triose)
- Ribose (a pentose)
- Glucose (a hexose)
- Fructose (a ketohexose)
Disaccharides
- Formed by the joining of two monosaccharides through a glycosidic bond
- Common examples are:
- Maltose (glucose + glucose)
- Sucrose (glucose + fructose)
- Lactose (galactose + glucose)
Polysaccharides
- Large polymers of monosaccharides
- Used for energy storage (starch, glycogen) or structural support (cellulose, chitin)
- Examples include:
- Starch (energy storage in plants)
- Glycogen (energy storage in animals)
- Cellulose (structural component in plant cell walls)
- Chitin (structural component in exoskeletons and fungal cell walls)
Protein-Carbohydrate Structures
- Carbohydrates can be attached to proteins to form glycoproteins.
- These attachments can affect the protein's function, such as cell recognition or immune response.
- These can also be combined with proteins to form proteoglycans, which are usually found in the extracellular matrix.
- Examples are Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs).
Carbohydrate Digestion
- Enzymes break down glycosidic bonds in carbohydrates.
- Amylases break down starch in the mouth and small intestine.
- Cells lining the small intestine have enzymes that further break down disaccharides into monosaccharides.
- Monosaccharides are then absorbed into the bloodstream.
- Cellulose is not digestible by humans.
Carbohydrate Absorption
- Monosaccharides are absorbed into the intestinal cells.
- Specific transport proteins (e.g., SGLT-1, GLUT-2, GLUT-5) aid in the absorption process.
- Monosaccharides are then transported to other parts of the body.
Carbohydrate Metabolism
- Carbohydrates are central to energy metabolism.
- The blood glucose level (often around 5 mM) is carefully regulated.
- Fluctuations can lead to various symptoms and health problems (hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia).
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Description
This quiz covers the essential concepts of carbohydrates, including their structure, classification, and functions. You'll explore different types of carbohydrates such as monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides, as well as their roles in digestion and protein modification.
