Carbohydrates Lecture 01: Categories, Structures, and Reactions

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Why is L-Glucose not used by humans as a source of energy?

It cannot be converted into ATP in human cells

It cannot be absorbed by the human digestive system

It is inherently toxic to human cells

It cannot undergo glycolysis due to its configuration (correct)

Why is fructose categorized as a reducing sugar?

It contains an aldehyde group that can be oxidized (correct)

It can only form alpha and beta forms in solution

It can form a five-membered ring in its structure

It can donate electrons in a redox reaction

Why is sucrose categorized as a non-reducing sugar?

It forms a six-membered ring in its structure

It does not contain any free anomeric carbon (correct)

It cannot undergo hydrolysis in the human digestive system

It contains an aldehyde group that cannot be oxidized

What is the main role of sugars in the food industry?

Contribute to color, flavor, and aroma of food products Signup and view all the answers

Which type of sweetener is extensively used in the preservation of jams, jellies, and fruit juices?

Invert sugar Signup and view all the answers

What are carbohydrates made out of?

C, H, and O Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a biological role of carbohydrates?

Energy reserves Signup and view all the answers

How are monosaccharides classified based on their chemical structure?

According to whether their acyclic forms possess an aldehyde or a keto group Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of monosaccharides?

Chiral polyhydroxy aldehydes and polyhydroxy ketones Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main groups into which carbohydrates can be classified based on their chemical structure?

Low molecular weight mono- and disaccharides, intermediate molecular weight oligosaccharides, high molecular weight polysaccharides Signup and view all the answers

What is the most abundant and diverse class of organic compounds occurring in nature?

Carbohydrates Signup and view all the answers

What is the biological role of carbohydrates as protective substances?

Cell recognition moieties Signup and view all the answers

What are the two major groups into which monosaccharides are divided based on whether their acyclic forms possess an aldehyde or a keto group?

-Aldoses and Ketoses Signup and view all the answers

Which type of carbohydrates often exist in cyclic hemiacetal forms?

Monosaccharides Signup and view all the answers

What is the unique property of water mentioned in the text?

It is the only substance that occurs in three physical states on earth Signup and view all the answers

How does water influence the structure of food according to the text?

It affects the appearance, taste, and texture of food Signup and view all the answers

Why is maintaining the optimum water content important when processing a food product?

To prevent chemical reactions and microbial growth Signup and view all the answers

What is emphasized as important in studying the properties and behavior of water molecules?

The relationship between water content of food and its perishability Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest about the impact of water content on the perishability of food?

High water content increases food perishability Signup and view all the answers

What is stated as a major component of most foods in the text?

Water Signup and view all the answers

Which property of water contributes to its ability to resist dehydration?

High latent heat of evaporation Signup and view all the answers

What is the phase transition property attributed to the three-dimensional hydrogen bonding in water?

Enthalpies of various phase transitions Signup and view all the answers

Which physical property of water allows it to have a high resistance to thermal regulation?

Heat capacity Signup and view all the answers

What type of molecule is water based on its polarity?

Polar molecule Signup and view all the answers

What does water activity (a w) measure in a solution?

Ratio of vapor pressure in the solution to that of pure water Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for water being an excellent solvent for polar and ionic compounds?

Polarity and high dielectric constant Signup and view all the answers

At what temperature does water boil at 1 atm pressure?

100.000⁰C Signup and view all the answers

'What is the density of liquid water at 20⁰C?' is an example of a question related to which physical property of water?

$0.99821 \text{ g/cm}^3$ Signup and view all the answers