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Questions and Answers
What health risks are associated with the consumption of sugar-sweetened soft drinks?
Lactose intolerance is primarily caused by a deficiency in which enzyme?
What symptoms are commonly associated with lactose intolerance?
Which method can help manage lactose intolerance?
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What is the role of fiber in the digestive tract?
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What health risks can a high-fiber diet potentially reduce?
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What do scientific studies indicate about the effects of sugar on children's behavior?
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Which groups are more likely to experience lactose intolerance?
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What is the primary function of insulin in the body?
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What hormone is released by the pancreas when blood glucose levels decrease?
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What condition does ketoacidosis refer to?
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How are ketone bodies formed in the body?
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During the process of cellular respiration, what are the byproducts of glucose breakdown?
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What percentage of total calories from added sugars is recommended to be less than, according to Dietary Guidelines?
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What is a major effect of glucagon on body tissue?
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What proportion of total calories were reported to come from complex carbohydrates in the average American diet for 2017-2018?
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What are the two major kinds of carbohydrates in human diets?
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What is the primary role of carbohydrates in the body?
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Which of the following best describes a nutritive sweetener?
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Which snack would typically be categorized under the cereals food group in the Caribbean?
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What distinguishes a simple sugar from a polysaccharide?
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Which type of vegetable is included in the dark green leafy and yellow vegetables group?
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Which of the following fruits is not a starchy fruit?
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Which item is considered a non-nutritive sweetener?
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What is the primary storage form of glucose in plants?
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Where is glycogen primarily stored in humans?
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Which type of fiber is characterized by being non-digestible in humans?
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Which enzyme begins the digestion of starch in the mouth?
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During carbohydrate digestion, where is the main site for absorption?
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What are the components necessary for a food to be labeled as 'whole grain'?
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What happens to blood glucose levels after meals?
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What type of fiber is fermented in the large intestine?
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What is a primary benefit of consuming high-fiber diets?
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How is the glycemic load (GL) of a food calculated?
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What does dietary fiber generally help to reduce?
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Which factors can affect glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) values of food?
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What is the main difference between nutritive and non-nutritive sweeteners?
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What type of carbohydrates are polysaccharides classified as?
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Which of the following statements about diets high in glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) is accurate?
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What health issue might increase with the consumption of low-fiber diets?
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Study Notes
Carbohydrates in the Human Diet
- Two major types of carbohydrates in the human diet:
- Starch: Storage form of glucose in plants, mainly in seeds, roots, and tubers
- Glycogen: Storage form of glucose in humans and animals, primarily stored in the liver and muscles
Dietary Fiber
- Complex carbohydrate that cannot be digested by humans
- Two main types:
- Insoluble fiber: Includes cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin
- Soluble fiber: Includes pectins, gums, mucilages, and some hemicelluloses
Whole Grains
- Intact, ground, cracked, or flaked seeds of cereal grains
- To be labeled "whole grain", the food must contain:
- Fiber-rich bran
- Starchy endosperm
- Oily germ
Carbohydrate Digestion and Absorption
- Mouth: Salivary amylase digests some starch
- Stomach: Acid inactivates salivary amylase
-
Small intestine: Main site for carbohydrate digestion and absorption
- Pancreatic amylase
- Maltase
- Sucrase
- Lactase
- Liver: Receives absorbed glucose, fructose, and galactose from the small intestine
- Large intestine: Some soluble fiber and undigested carbohydrates are fermented
- Rectum: Very little dietary carbohydrate eliminated in feces
Blood Glucose Regulation
- After meals, blood glucose increases, the pancreas releases insulin:
- Helps glucose enter most cells
- Enhances production and storage of fat, glycogen, and protein
- Decreases hunger
- When blood glucose decreases, the pancreas releases glucagon:
- Stimulates glycogenolysis (glycogen breakdown) releasing glucose into the blood
- Stimulates lipolysis (breakdown of triglycerides) for energy
Glucose for Energy
- Cells use oxygen to release energy stored in glucose's chemical bonds.
- Carbon dioxide and water are formed in the process.
- Energy is released.
Ketone Bodies and Ketoacidosis
- Ketone bodies form as a result of incomplete fat breakdown:
- Fasting or starving
- Low-carbohydrate, high-protein diet (e.g., Atkins diet)
- Ketone bodies can be used by certain cells for energy.
- Ketoacidosis is a condition that occurs with very high blood ketone bodies, making the blood pH acidic:
- Poorly controlled type-1 diabetes
- Unconsciousness and death may occur
Carbohydrate Consumption Pattern
- In 2017-2018, the average American diet supplied:
- About 46% of total calories from carbohydrates
- Almost 26% of total calories were from complex carbohydrates
- 20.5% of total calories were from sugars
- Approximately 18% of total kcal were from added sugars (about 22 tsp)
- According to the Dietary Guidelines, added sugars intake should be less than 10% of total kcal.
Sugar-Sweetened Beverages
- Added sugar consumption associated with body weight.
- Sugar-sweetened soft drinks are one of the major sources of added sugars in American diets.
- Risks of obesity, type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and stroke are associated with sugar-sweetened soft drink consumption.
Lactose Intolerance
- Inability to digest lactose because of inadequate lactase, common in people of African, Asian, or Eastern European descent.
- Bacteria in the large intestine break down undigested lactose, resulting in:
- Intestinal cramps, bloating, gas, and diarrhea.
- Treatment involves:
- Avoiding lactose
- Using dairy foods that have little or no lactose or have been pretreated with lactase
- Some people can consume small amounts of foods that contain lactose.
- Lactose intolerance is not the same as milk allergy.
Fiber and Health
- Some forms of fiber swell in the large intestine, leading to softer stools and more regular bowel movements.
- May help prevent or relieve constipation.
- High-fiber diets may reduce the risk of:
- Obesity
- Type 2 diabetes
- Certain intestinal tract disorders
- Heart disease and stroke
- Diverticulitis
- Swollen and inflamed hemorrhoids
Glycemic Index (GI) and Glycemic Load (GL)
- Glycemic Index (GI): Method of classifying carbohydrate-rich food by comparing the rise in blood glucose after eating a portion of food that contains 50g digestible carbohydrate to the rise that occurs after eating 50g of a standard source of glucose.
-
Glycemic Load (GL): Considers quantity and quality of carbohydrates in a food.
- Grams of carbohydrate in a serving of food × the food’s glycemic index; this figure is then divided by 100.
Why Consider GIs and GLs?
- GI and GL values for a particular food may vary depending on:
- When food is grown
- Degree of ripeness
- Extent of processing
- Other components in the meal.
- Diets with high GIs/high GLs may increase the risk of serious chronic diseases.
- Low GI/GL diets can improve blood fat and cholesterol levels, reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, and improve HbA1 levels.
Summary
- Carbohydrates are the major source of energy for the body which include monosaccharide, disaccharide, oligosaccharide, and polysaccharide.
- The main difference between a nutritive sweetener and a nonnutritive sweetener is whether it contributes energy after intaking.
- Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates, which contain >10 monosaccharides bonded together and store energy in plants and animals.
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Description
This quiz covers essential aspects of carbohydrates in the human diet, including types such as starch and glycogen, and the role of dietary fiber. Additionally, it highlights the importance of whole grains and the digestive process for carbohydrates. Test your knowledge on these vital nutritional components!
