Carbohydrates in Cellular Biology
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of carbohydrates in cellular communication?

  • They store genetic information.
  • They act as enzymes to catalyze reactions.
  • They help in blood type determination. (correct)
  • They provide structural integrity to membranes.

    • Which of the following classifications best describes a molecule composed of three monosaccharides?

  • Monosaccharide
  • Oligosaccharide (correct)
  • Polysaccharide
  • Disaccharide

    • In the context of sugar configurations, what significantly alters the stereoisomer classification between alpha and beta forms?

  • The overall molecular weight.
  • The number of carbon atoms present.
  • The position of the carbonyl group.
  • The positioning of a specific hydroxyl group on the ring. (correct)

    • Which type of carbohydrate is characterized by being a simple sugar and serves as the building block for more complex carbohydrates?

    <p>Monosaccharide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structural role do carbohydrates like cellulose perform in organisms?

    <p>They contribute to the structural integrity of plant cell walls.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond is formed between two monosaccharides to create a disaccharide?

    <p>Glycosidic bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disaccharide is formed by the combination of glucose and fructose?

    <p>Sucrose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of glycogen in animal cells?

    <p>Energy storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for breaking down glycogen into monosaccharides?

    <p>Glycogen phosphorylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which carbohydrate is primarily found in plant cells for energy storage?

    <p>Starch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of enzyme removes phosphate groups from molecules?

    <p>Phosphatase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bond primarily links the monomers in cellulose?

    <p>Beta-1,4 glycosidic bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of carbohydrate is starch considered due to its structure?

    <p>Branched polymer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component of chitin is a glyco-sugar?

    <p>N-acetyl-glucosamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of glycoproteins?

    <p>Serve as receptors or signaling molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of cholesterol in the organism?

    <p>To act as a precursor for the synthesis of steroid hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following characteristics does not describe cholesterol?

    <p>It is completely hydrophobic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about bile acids is accurate?

    <p>They play a critical role in the digestive system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What consequence does LDL cholesterol have when it accumulates?

    <p>It can potentially damage blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is vitamin D3 primarily produced in the body?

    <p>Via exposure to UV radiation in the skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process links monomers together to form polymers?

    <p>Dehydration reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is NOT synthesized from cholesterol?

    <p>Oxytocin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary function of HDL cholesterol in the body?

    <p>To transport cholesterol back to the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structural feature distinguishes saturated fatty acids from unsaturated fatty acids?

    <p>Number of carbon-carbon double bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason phospholipids can form bilayer structures in cell membranes?

    <p>Their amphipathic nature with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a liposome?

    <p>A spherical structure that enclose an aqueous compartment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of interaction primarily accounts for the formation of the lipid bilayer in cell membranes?

    <p>Hydrophobic interactions among fatty acid tails</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do the hydrophilic heads of phospholipids play in cellular function?

    <p>They interact with the aqueous environment, aiding molecule transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When considering the properties of triglycerides, which statement is true?

    <p>They serve primarily as energy storage in both animals and plants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the properties of unsaturated fatty acids?

    <p>They contain one or more carbon-carbon double bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the phosphate group in phospholipids?

    <p>It contributes to the amphipathic characteristic of the molecule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What angle between hydrogen atoms in a water molecule contributes to its polarity?

    <p>104.5°</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements correctly describes hydrogen bonds in water?

    <p>They occur between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What property of water is primarily responsible for its high boiling point?

    <p>Hydrogen bonding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly identifies a primary characteristic of lipids?

    <p>Lipids are insoluble or slightly soluble in water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phenomenon explains water's ability to climb against gravity in narrow tubes?

    <p>Capillarity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of lipid is primarily responsible for forming cell membranes?

    <p>Phosphoglycerides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the specific heat of water required to raise one gram by one degree Celsius?

    <p>1 cal/(g x °C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is necessary for the formation of triglycerides?

    <p>Dehydration reaction between glycerol and fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What results from the unequal distribution of electric charges in a water molecule?

    <p>Polar nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does adhesion affect the behavior of water on polar surfaces?

    <p>It allows water to stick to the surface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function is NOT commonly associated with lipids?

    <p>Serving as water-soluble transport proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the high specific heat of water important for aquatic ecosystems?

    <p>It helps maintain stable temperatures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of lipid derives from fatty acids and glycerol?

    <p>Simple (neutral) lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does cholesterol play in cellular functions?

    <p>It contributes to membrane fluidity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the composition of simple lipids?

    <p>They are composed of fatty acids and glycerol.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes complex lipids from simple lipids?

    <p>Complex lipids can form hydrogen bonds with water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory states that advantageous DNA modifications are selected by the environment?

    <p>Darwin's theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who coined the term 'cell' while observing cork slices?

    <p>Robert Hooke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What completes the cell theory by stating that all cells arise from pre-existing cells?

    <p>Virchow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a level of biological organization?

    <p>Chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the basic components found in the cellular level of organization?

    <p>Nucleus and ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered a macromolecule?

    <p>Polysaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the smallest unit capable of independent life?

    <p>Cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the concept of emergent properties in biological organization?

    <p>New characteristics that emerge from the interaction of parts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason that carbon is suitable for forming numerous molecules?

    <p>It can form up to 4 covalent bonds with other atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component makes up the highest percentage of a bacterial cell's chemical composition?

    <p>Water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of ion carries a positive charge?

    <p>Cations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the water play in the context of living organisms?

    <p>It is essential for metabolic reactions and maintaining cellular structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances is considered organic?

    <p>Amino Acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the citosol primarily composed of?

    <p>Liquid portion of the cytoplasm including water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason behind the necessity for organisms to constantly replenish water?

    <p>Water can evaporate and carry away heat, leading to loss.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about polysaccharides in a bacterial cell?

    <p>They comprise about 2% of the chemical composition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason that solid water (ice) is less dense than liquid water?

    <p>Ice has a specific crystalline structure due to hydrogen bonding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which types of molecules interact favorably with water and can dissolve in it?

    <p>Hydrophilic molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes amphipathic molecules in relation to water?

    <p>They possess both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following macromolecules primarily consists of monomers linked together?

    <p>Nucleic acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of the high heat of vaporization for water?

    <p>The energy needed to convert one gram of liquid water to vapor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following components is not a primary constituent of living matter?

    <p>Plastic polymers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond predominantly explains water's ability to dissociate into hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions?

    <p>Covalent bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the role of mineral ions in living organisms?

    <p>They are essential for biological functions despite being present in smaller amounts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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