Carbohydrates: Fructose and Functions

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Questions and Answers

What type of glycosidic linkage is present when the monosaccharide is positioned upwards?

Alpha glycosidic linkage

Sigma glycosidic linkage

Omega glycosidic linkage

Beta glycosidic linkage (correct)

Which of these is NOT a common disaccharide?

Maltose

Sucrose

Cellulose (correct)

Lactose

What is the main function of cellulose in the diet?

Quick energy source

Support and rigidity (correct)

Digestion blocker

Fat storage

Which blood type contains an additional D-galactose unit?

Type B Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of polysaccharides?

Contain three or more monosaccharides Signup and view all the answers

Sucrose is made up of which two monosaccharides?

Glucose + Fructose Signup and view all the answers

Which polysaccharide is made up of repeating glucose units joined by 1-4 beta glycosidic linkages?

Cellulose Signup and view all the answers

Which blood type is considered the universal recipient?

Type AB Signup and view all the answers

What type of fatty acids do saturated triacylglycerols contain?

Only saturated fatty acids Signup and view all the answers

Which phospholipid contains two nonpolar tails and a polar head?

Lecithin Signup and view all the answers

What is the main component of most cell membranes?

Phosphoacylglycerols Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes polyunsaturated triacylglycerols from other types?

They contain many C=C bonds Signup and view all the answers

What is a common outcome of the complete metabolism of triacylglycerols?

Yielding of CO2, H2O, and energy Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of phospholipids is true?

Phospholipids contain parts other than fatty acids and alcohol. Signup and view all the answers

Which polysaccharide is stored in animals and has a structure similar to amylopectin?

Glycogen Signup and view all the answers

What type of lipids can be converted into smaller molecules through hydrolysis?

Hydrolyzable lipids Signup and view all the answers

What defines polyunsaturated fatty acids?

They contain two or more double bonds. Signup and view all the answers

What are essential fatty acids?

Fatty acids that must be obtained from the diet. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main source of energy for the body?

Lipids Signup and view all the answers

Cis fatty acids are characterized by which of the following?

They have two hydrogen atoms on the same side of the double bond. Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is responsible for the digestion of amylose?

Amylase Signup and view all the answers

Which fatty acid is classified as omega-3?

Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of reaction involves the conversion of a carbonyl group of an aldose to a primary alcohol?

Reduction Signup and view all the answers

What type of glycosidic linkages does amylopectin contain?

1-4 and 1-6 α-glycosidic linkages Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes trans fatty acids from cis fatty acids?

Trans fatty acids result from hydrogenation of oils. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes derived lipids?

Lipids that include parts other than fatty acids. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about blood types is correct?

Blood types A, B, AB, and O are determined by 3 or 4 monosaccharides. Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of fats compared to oils?

Fats are generally solid at room temperature. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of molecule is defined as being lighter than water?

Lipids Signup and view all the answers

What type of fatty acids are found in oils that have a lower melting point?

Long-chain, unsaturated fatty acids Signup and view all the answers

What role do peripheral proteins play in the cell membrane?

They are attached to only one side of the membrane. Signup and view all the answers

What describes the structure of phospholipids?

They contain a phosphate atom on a glycerol backbone. Signup and view all the answers

What type of transport is required for large molecules to pass through the cell membrane?

Facilitated transport Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding lipoproteins?

They are the main means of transporting cholesterol among tissues. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the 'heads' of soap molecules?

To dissolve in water Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the structure of the cell membrane?

A lipid bilayer with embedded proteins and cholesterol. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the fatty acid composition of oils derived from plants and fish?

A high proportion of long-chain, unsaturated fatty acids. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Fructose and Carbohydrates

Fructose is a component of sucrose and classified as a ketohexose, known for being twice as sweet as glucose.
Carbohydrates, including sugars and starches, are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones, or compounds that can be hydrolyzed into them.
Disaccharides comprise two monosaccharide units linked via glycosidic linkage, categorized into alpha and beta based on the linkage orientation.
Monosaccharides such as glucose, fructose, and galactose combine to form disaccharides like sucrose (glucose + fructose), lactose (galactose + glucose), and maltose (glucose + glucose).
Polysaccharides consist of three or more monosaccharides; examples include cellulose, starch, and glycogen.

Blood Types and Monosaccharides

There are four human blood types: A, B, AB, and O, which are determined by specific monosaccharide combinations.
Type A blood contains a monosaccharide unique to it, while type B includes an additional D-galactose unit, AB has both, and type O is a universal donor.

Polysaccharides

Cellulose is structured from glucose units joined by 1-4 beta glycosidic linkages, providing rigidity and making it undigestible, thus constituting insoluble fiber.
Starch, composed of glucose linked by alpha 1-4 glycosidic linkages, is digestible, found in corn, rice, wheat, and potatoes. It exists as amylose (unbranched) and amylopectin (branched).
Glycogen is a storage polysaccharide in animals, similar in structure to amylopectin and highly branched, primarily stored in liver and muscles.

Lipids Overview

Lipids are biomolecules soluble in organic solvents, insoluble in water, and characterized by diversity in structure and function.
They serve as a major energy source for the body and are lighter than water.

Classification of Lipids

Hydrolyzable lipids can be broken down into smaller molecules through hydrolysis and include waxes, triacylglycerols, and phospholipids.
Non-hydrolyzable lipids cannot be cleaved by hydrolysis and include steroids and fat-soluble vitamins.
Lipids can be categorized as simple (esters of fatty acids) or complex (contain additional molecules).

Essential Fatty Acids

Essential fatty acids are those the body cannot produce, including alpha-linolenic acid (omega-3) and linoleic acid (omega-6).

Fatty Acid Structure

Cis fatty acids have hydrogens on the same side of the double bond, creating a kink, while trans fatty acids have hydrogens on opposite sides, resembling saturated fat structure.

Phospholipids and Cell Membrane Structure

Phospholipids, including phosphoacylglycerols, are key components of cell membranes, with a polar head and nonpolar tails.
Cell membranes comprise proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates, forming glycolipids and glycoproteins to aid molecule transport.
Integral proteins span the bilayer, while peripheral proteins are attached to one side, allowing molecules to pass through via facilitated transport.

Triacylglycerols and Hydrolysis

Triacylglycerols can be either saturated (only saturated fatty acids) or unsaturated (contain at least one unsaturated fatty acid).
The hydrolysis of triacylglycerols could involve soap synthesis, where metal salts of fatty acids are formed through saponification, resulting in heads soluble in water and tails soluble in oil.

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Description

Explore the properties, sources, and functions of fructose in this quiz. Learn about its role as a component of sucrose, its sweetness compared to glucose, and the significance of carbohydrates in our diet. Test your knowledge of these essential sugars and their classifications.