Biochemistry: Glucose and Fructose Anomers
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of glucose in the body?

  • It helps in protein synthesis.
  • It aids in fat digestion.
  • It acts as a secondary source of energy.
  • It serves as the principal fuel for the brain. (correct)

    • Which condition is characterized by a blood glucose level above the normal range?

  • Normoglycemia
  • Diabetes
  • Hypoglycemia
  • Hyperglycemia (correct)

    • What forms when fructose combines with glucose?

  • Galactose
  • Sucrose (correct)
  • Lactose
  • Maltose

    • What is the formula for both glucose and fructose?

    <p>C6H12O6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to glucose after it is broken down in cells?

    <p>It is converted to all carbohydrates in the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of D-Galactose in the body?

    <p>Combine with glucose to form lactose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes Galactosemia?

    <p>It leads to the accumulation of galactose in the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to D-Glucose during reduction?

    <p>It produces D-glucitol, also known as Sorbitol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an epimer?

    <p>Isomers that differ in only one specific carbon atom configuration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following features correctly identifies D-Galactose?

    <p>It is an epimer of glucose at C4.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which property is characteristic of lactose?

    <p>It can reduce Benedict's reagent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond links the molecules in sucrose?

    <p>α,β-1,2-glycosidic bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme hydrolyzes sucrose to produce glucose and fructose?

    <p>Invertase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about sucrose is true?

    <p>It is levorotatory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the product of lactose digestion by lactase?

    <p>Galactose and glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond is formed in maltose?

    <p>α1,4-glycosidic bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disaccharide is considered a non-reducing sugar?

    <p>Sucrose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary enzyme responsible for the hydrolysis of sucrose?

    <p>Sucrase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of lactose, what causes lactose intolerance?

    <p>Lactase deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about mutarotation is true for sucrose?

    <p>Sucrose has no free anomeric carbon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sugar is hydrolyzed by lactase?

    <p>Lactose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond connects the two glucose molecules in maltose?

    <p>α-1,4-glycosidic bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the products of hydrolyzing maltose?

    <p>Glucose and Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disaccharide composition includes β-Galactose?

    <p>Lactose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding maltose?

    <p>It can exist in α and β forms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the glycosidic bond type in lactose?

    <p>β-1,4-glycosidic bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of lactose?

    <p>Milk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What property of maltose allows it to be classified as a reducing sugar?

    <p>Presence of a free carbonyl group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which biological process is maltose produced?

    <p>Digestion of starch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which situation might lactose be detected in urine?

    <p>Late pregnancy and during lactation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lactose consists of which two monosaccharides?

    <p>α-glucose and β-galactose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Glucose and Fructose Overview

    • D-Glucose (Blood sugar): An aldohexose with the formula C6H12O6; naturally found in fruits, corn syrup, and honey.
    • D-Glucose is also known as dextrose and is the main energy source for the brain.
    • It is metabolized in the liver into various carbohydrates like glycogen, galactose, ribose, and fructose.

    Blood Glucose Levels

    • Normal blood glucose concentration is 70-110 mg/dL.
    • Hyperglycemia refers to blood glucose exceeding the normal range; hypoglycemia refers to levels below normal.
    • Glucose tolerance tests measure blood glucose levels over time after glucose ingestion.

    D-Fructose (Fruit Sugar)

    • D-Fructose: A ketohexose also with the formula C6H12O6; is the sweetest carbohydrate.
    • Found in fruits, juices, and honey; converts to glucose in the body.
    • Combines with glucose to form sucrose (table sugar).

    D-Galactose (Milk Sugar)

    • D-Galactose is a constituent of lactose (milk sugar) formed from glucose.
    • It is an epimer of glucose at the C4 position and is vital for cellular membranes.

    Galactosemia

    • A rare genetic disorder characterized by the inability to convert galactose into glucose due to enzyme deficiency.
    • Accumulation of galactose can cause serious health issues, particularly in infants.
    • Treatment involves eliminating galactose-containing foods like milk.

    Monosaccharide Reduction

    • Carbonyl group reduction yields sugar alcohols (ald sugars).
    • D-Glucose is reduced to D-glucitol (Sorbitol).

    Glycosidic Bonds and Disaccharides

    • Glycosidic bond formation results from a condensation reaction, connecting monosaccharides into disaccharides.
    • Maltose: Composed of two α-D-glucose molecules linked by an α-1,4-glycosidic bond, acts as a reducing sugar.

    Lactose (Milk Sugar)

    • Formed from two monosaccharides: α-glucose and β-galactose linked by a β-1,4-glycosidic bond.
    • Found in milk, with a concentration of approximately 7.4 g/dl in human milk.
    • Lactose is a reducing sugar and is digested by lactase into galactose and glucose.

    Sucrose (Table Sugar)

    • Composed of α-glucose and β-fructose linked by an α,β-1,2-glycosidic bond.
    • Found in cane and beet sugar; also present in pineapple and carrot.
    • Not a reducing sugar due to lack of free carbonyl group; cannot show mutarotation.

    Disaccharide Hydrolysis

    • Disaccharides can be hydrolyzed into monosaccharides:
      • Maltose + H2O → Glucose + Glucose
      • Lactose + H2O → Glucose + Galactose
      • Sucrose + H2O → Glucose + Fructose

    Disaccharides Comparison

    • Maltose: Composed of 2 α-glucose units; reducing sugar.
    • Lactose: Composed of β-galactose and α-glucose; reducing sugar.
    • Sucrose: Composed of α-glucose and β-fructose; non-reducing sugar.

    Disaccharidase Deficiencies

    • Deficiencies in lactase, maltase, or sucrase can lead to difficulties in digesting disaccharides.
    • Lactose intolerance results from insufficient lactase, causing milk fermentation, diarrhea, and abdominal discomfort.

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    Description

    Explore the unique properties of glucose and fructose anomers in this biochemistry quiz. Understand their structures, functions, and significance in the human body. This quiz will deepen your insight into these essential sugars and their roles in energy production.

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