Podcast
Questions and Answers
What structural characteristic distinguishes a ketose from an aldose?
What structural characteristic distinguishes a ketose from an aldose?
- Ketoses form cyclic structures, while aldoses remain linear.
- Aldoses contain more chiral carbons than ketoses.
- Aldoses contain a carbonyl group at the end of the carbon chain, while ketoses have it elsewhere. (correct)
- Ketoses contain a carbonyl group at the end of the carbon chain, while aldoses have it elsewhere.
How many water molecules are associated with a carbohydrate molecule containing six carbon atoms?
How many water molecules are associated with a carbohydrate molecule containing six carbon atoms?
- Three
- One
- Twelve
- Six (correct)
What is the relationship between alpha and beta isomers in cyclic sugars?
What is the relationship between alpha and beta isomers in cyclic sugars?
- They only differ in the configuration around the anomeric carbon. (correct)
- They differ in the total number of carbon atoms.
- They are the same molecule, just in different states of hydration.
- They are mirror images of each other.
Which statement best describes the process of mutarotation?
Which statement best describes the process of mutarotation?
What type of linkage is found in amylose?
What type of linkage is found in amylose?
Which of the following best explains why humans cannot digest beta 1-4 linkages?
Which of the following best explains why humans cannot digest beta 1-4 linkages?
If a carbohydrate molecule has 3 chiral carbons, how many stereoisomers are possible?
If a carbohydrate molecule has 3 chiral carbons, how many stereoisomers are possible?
What is the significance of non-reducing ends in glycogen?
What is the significance of non-reducing ends in glycogen?
In the context of sugar chemistry, what is an epimer?
In the context of sugar chemistry, what is an epimer?
During cyclization, what part of the carbohydrate attacks the carbonyl carbon?
During cyclization, what part of the carbohydrate attacks the carbonyl carbon?
Which of the following describes the structure of glycogen?
Which of the following describes the structure of glycogen?
What is the anomeric carbon in aldoses?
What is the anomeric carbon in aldoses?
How does the branching frequency differ between glycogen and amylopectin?
How does the branching frequency differ between glycogen and amylopectin?
Which of the following polysaccharides is a component of plant cell walls?
Which of the following polysaccharides is a component of plant cell walls?
What type of carbon is a carbonyl carbon?
What type of carbon is a carbonyl carbon?
Which carbon determines whether a sugar is D or L?
Which carbon determines whether a sugar is D or L?
What is the typical length requirement for carbohydrates to form cyclic structures?
What is the typical length requirement for carbohydrates to form cyclic structures?
Which of the following is the primary function of starch in plants?
Which of the following is the primary function of starch in plants?
What characteristic do amylopectin and amylose share?
What characteristic do amylopectin and amylose share?
If a hydroxyl group is positioned below the plane of the sugar, is it an alpha or beta isomer?
If a hydroxyl group is positioned below the plane of the sugar, is it an alpha or beta isomer?
Flashcards
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
Hydrates of carbon
Carbonyl carbon
Carbonyl carbon
Carbon with a double bonded oxygen
Epimers
Epimers
Molecules differing in configuration at a single chiral carbon
Ketose
Ketose
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Aldose
Aldose
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Anomeric carbon
Anomeric carbon
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Mutarotation
Mutarotation
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Amylose
Amylose
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Amylopectin
Amylopectin
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Glycogen
Glycogen
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Structural Polysaccharides
Structural Polysaccharides
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Study Notes
Sugars
- Carbohydrates are hydrates of carbon.
- For every carbon molecule, there is an associated water molecule.
- Carbohydrates contain numerous chiral carbons.
- Stereoisomer amount can be calculated using 2^n, where n equals the number of chiral carbons.
- D or L sugar determination relies on the chiral carbon furthest from the carbonyl carbon.
- Carbonyl carbon is a carbon atom with a double-bonded oxygen.
- Epimers are two molecules differing in configuration at one chiral carbon.
- Ketose sugars have a carbonyl group located anywhere other than the end of the carbon chain.
- Aldose sugars have a carbonyl group at the end of the carbon chain.
- Cyclic structures form with carbohydrates containing 5 or more carbons.
- Cyclization happens when a hydroxyl group within the sugar attacks the carbonyl carbon.
- Cyclization always involves a carbonyl group.
- Anomeric carbon becomes chiral due to cyclization.
- In aldoses, carbon 1 is anomeric.
- In ketoses, carbon 2 is anomeric.
- Alpha and beta isomers differ: a hydroxyl group above the plane of the sugar indicates a beta isomer, while below indicates an alpha isomer.
- Mutarotation involves the interconversion of alpha and beta forms through a cyclic intermediate.
- Starch functions as energy storage in plants and is composed of amylopectin and amylose.
- Amylopectin and amylose are both homopolysaccharides.
- Amylose is a linear homopolysaccharide with glucose joined by alpha 1-4 linkages.
- Amylopectin consists of glucose residues connected through alpha 1-4 linkages, with alpha 1-6 branch points occurring approximately every 25 residues.
- Glycogen is a branched homopolysaccharide with an alpha 1-4 main chain and alpha 1-6 branch points.
- Glycogen exhibits greater branching frequency, with branches occurring every 9 residues, leading to more non-reducing ends.
- More non-reducing ends facilitate faster glucose store mobilization.
- Chitin and cellulose utilize beta 1-4 linkages to form elongated structures.
- Humans cannot break down beta 1-4 linkages due to the absence of the necessary enzyme.
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