Carbohydrates and Monosaccharides Quiz

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of carbohydrates in living organisms?

Act as a source of energy (correct)

Form hormonal signals

Provide genetic information

Serve as cellular receptors

What distinguishes aldoses from ketoses?

The position of the hydroxyl group

The number of carbon atoms

The type of carbonyl group present (correct)

The ability to form polysaccharides

Which of the following is a structural characteristic of monosaccharides?

They are always found in linear form

They are larger than polysaccharides

They have a general formula of Cn(H₂O)n (correct)

They contain one asymmetric carbon only

Which type of carbohydrate is formed by the linkage of two monosaccharides?

Disaccharide Signup and view all the answers

What term describes carbohydrates that differ in configuration around only one asymmetric carbon?

Epimers Signup and view all the answers

What type of ring structures can fructose form during cyclization?

Both 5-membered and 6-membered rings Signup and view all the answers

In the D and L nomenclature system, which carbon is referenced to determine the configuration?

The asymmetric carbon farthest from the carbonyl group Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following carbohydrates serves as a structural component in cell walls?

Cellulose Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of oxidizing aldoses with Tollen's reagent?

Production of a silver mirror Signup and view all the answers

Which reaction is responsible for converting an aldose to an alditol?

Reduction with sodium borohydride Signup and view all the answers

What type of acid is formed when aldoses are oxidized to the carbonyl group?

Aldonic acid Signup and view all the answers

The formation of an osazone is primarily associated with which functional group?

Aldehyde group Signup and view all the answers

What type of configuration do pyranose sugars usually assume?

Chair or boat configuration Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes exhaustive methylation in carbohydrate chemistry?

Only affects anomeric carbons Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes an anomer of glucose?

α-anomer has the OH group below the ring, β-anomer above. Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic product resulting from glycoside formation?

Acetal Signup and view all the answers

What reaction forms an intramolecular hemiacetal in glucose?

The reaction of the C1 aldehyde with C5 OH Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of HNO3 in carbohydrate oxidation?

To create aldaric acids Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following tests indicates the presence of reducing sugars?

Benedict’s Test Signup and view all the answers

What defines a sugar alcohol?

It lacks an aldehyde or ketone. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the aldehyde group in sugar acids?

It is oxidized to a carboxylic acid. Signup and view all the answers

How does N-acetylneuraminic acid affect glycoproteins?

It imparts a negative charge due to its carboxyl group. Signup and view all the answers

What is formed when an amino group substitutes for a hydroxyl group in sugars?

Amino sugar Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of sugar phosphates in biochemistry?

They participate in various metabolic pathways. Signup and view all the answers

What is the length of GAG chains in proteoglycans?

About 80 sugars long Signup and view all the answers

How do GAG gels function within the extracellular matrix?

They regulate movement based on size and charge Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the immune response to foreign blood group antigens?

It recognizes the antigens as foreign and mounts an immune response Signup and view all the answers

What is the major component of cartilage mentioned in the content?

Aggrecan Signup and view all the answers

What type of protein does decorin associate with in the extracellular matrix?

Fibrous matrix proteins Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of peptidoglycan in bacterial cells?

To provide mechanical support and prevent bursting Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes glycoproteins from proteoglycans?

The amount of carbohydrate content Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)?

They have disaccharide repeating units with charged groups Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a significant role of proteoglycans in animal cells?

Cellular signaling and structural support Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of carbohydrates by weight can proteoglycans contain?

As much as 95% Signup and view all the answers

What is a common structural characteristic of glycoproteins?

Have oligosaccharide chains attached to polypeptide side-chains Signup and view all the answers

Which sugar derivatives are commonly found in the repeating units of glycosaminoglycans?

Glucosamine or galactosamine Signup and view all the answers

What effect does penicillin have on bacterial cell walls?

Inhibits cross-linking of peptidoglycan Signup and view all the answers

What type of linkage is found in sucrose?

α(1→2) linkage Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the type of bond linking two monosaccharides in a disaccharide?

Glycosidic bond Signup and view all the answers

What is the full name of lactose?

β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1→4)-α-D-glucose Signup and view all the answers

Which structural component contributes to the negative charge of sugar sulfates at physiological pH?

Sulfate groups Signup and view all the answers

What does a ketal of fructose form?

Fructoside Signup and view all the answers

Which type of saccharides provide structural integrity to organisms?

Polysaccharides Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a homopolysaccharide from a heteropolysaccharide?

Type of monosaccharides used Signup and view all the answers

Which disaccharide is derived from starch and linked by an α(1→4) glycosidic bond?

Maltose Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
They are crucial for energy storage, metabolic processes, and structural components in living organisms.
Common formula: Cn(H2O)n
Different classifications of carbohydrates include simple, oligosaccharide and complex, polysaccharides

Monosaccharides

Simplest form of carbohydrates
Aldoses have an aldehyde group, and ketoses have a ketone group
Classified by the number of carbon atoms (trioses, tetroses, pentoses, hexoses, heptoses)
Examples include glucose, fructose, galactose

Stereoisomers

D and L isomers are determined based on the configuration around the asymmetric carbon farthest from the aldehyde/ketone group in glyceraldehyde.
Epimers differ in configuration around only one chiral center.

Nomenclature of Monosaccharides

Based on the number of carbon atoms and the functional group (aldehyde or ketone)
Examples of monosaccharide names include glyceraldehyde, erythrose, ribose, glucose, fructose, mannose.

Cyclization of Sugars

Monosaccharides can form cyclic structures (hemiacetals or hemiketals) through intramolecular reactions.
This cyclization creates anomeric carbons (new chiral center) resulting in α and β anomers that differ in the position of the hydroxyl group at the anomeric carbon.
Haworth projections are used to visualize the cyclic forms.

Sugar Derivatives

Sugar alcohols are formed by reduction of the carbonyl group
Sugar acids are formed by oxidation of the aldehyde or ketone group.
Deoxy sugars have a hydroxyl group replaced by a hydrogen.

Reactions of Monosaccharides

Mutarotation, a change in the specific rotation of a sugar solution is the interconversion of the cyclic forms (α to β and vice versa)
Oxidation by chemicals (e.g., bromine water) or strong oxidizing agents such as nitric acid can further breakdown the carbon backbone, forming sugar acids
Osazone formation is a reaction that can differentiate between different ketoses.

Disaccharides

Composed of two monosaccharide units joined by a glycosidic bond.
Formation of glycosidic bonds involves the loss of a water molecule.
Examples include sucrose, maltose, lactose, cellobiose

Polysaccharides

Long chains of monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds
Can be branched or unbranched
Examples include starch, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin.

Other Carbohydrates

Peptidoglycan, a polymer that forms bacterial cell walls.
Glycoproteins and proteoglycans are proteins with covalently attached carbohydrate chains.
Glycosaminoglycans are long unbranched polysaccharides containing repeating disaccharide units.
Blood group antigens, which are oligosaccharides that are important in blood transfusions.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Test your knowledge on carbohydrates and their classifications, specifically focusing on monosaccharides. This quiz covers essential concepts such as molecular structures, stereoisomers, and nomenclature. Challenge yourself and see how well you understand these fundamental biochemical components!