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Questions and Answers
What type of glucose has the OH group positioned opposite to the CH2OH group?
What type of glucose has the OH group positioned opposite to the CH2OH group?
Sucrose is a disaccharide formed from two glucose molecules.
Sucrose is a disaccharide formed from two glucose molecules.
False
What is the primary structure that links monosaccharides to form disaccharides?
What is the primary structure that links monosaccharides to form disaccharides?
glycosidic linkage
Triglycerides are composed of three fatty acids and one __________.
Triglycerides are composed of three fatty acids and one __________.
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Match the following disaccharides with their components:
Match the following disaccharides with their components:
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Which type of reaction forms glycosidic linkages?
Which type of reaction forms glycosidic linkages?
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All triglycerides are solid at room temperature.
All triglycerides are solid at room temperature.
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What leads to the fluidity of unsaturated fatty acids in triglycerides?
What leads to the fluidity of unsaturated fatty acids in triglycerides?
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Fructose is a type of _________.
Fructose is a type of _________.
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What is the main role of phospholipids in living organisms?
What is the main role of phospholipids in living organisms?
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Which of the following is a monosaccharide?
Which of the following is a monosaccharide?
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Oligosaccharides consist of 3 to 20 monosaccharide units.
Oligosaccharides consist of 3 to 20 monosaccharide units.
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What is the general formula for carbohydrates?
What is the general formula for carbohydrates?
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The simplest monosaccharide with three carbon atoms is called __________.
The simplest monosaccharide with three carbon atoms is called __________.
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Match the following types of carbohydrates to their definitions:
Match the following types of carbohydrates to their definitions:
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Which of the following correctly describes the properties of monosaccharides?
Which of the following correctly describes the properties of monosaccharides?
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The carbon skeleton of monosaccharides can contain a carboxyl group.
The carbon skeleton of monosaccharides can contain a carboxyl group.
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What type of carbohydrate is formed by a covalent bond between glucose and fructose?
What type of carbohydrate is formed by a covalent bond between glucose and fructose?
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A carbohydrate made up of hundreds or thousands of monosaccharides is called a __________.
A carbohydrate made up of hundreds or thousands of monosaccharides is called a __________.
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What is an example of a hexose?
What is an example of a hexose?
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Which of the following is a primary role of carotenoids in plants?
Which of the following is a primary role of carotenoids in plants?
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All nucleotides contain a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and three phosphate groups.
All nucleotides contain a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and three phosphate groups.
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What are the two types of nucleic acids discussed?
What are the two types of nucleic acids discussed?
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The sugar in RNA is called ______, while the sugar in DNA is ______.
The sugar in RNA is called ______, while the sugar in DNA is ______.
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Match the following types of RNA with their primary function:
Match the following types of RNA with their primary function:
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What type of bond holds the bases together in DNA?
What type of bond holds the bases together in DNA?
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Cholesterol is synthesized only in the liver of animal cells.
Cholesterol is synthesized only in the liver of animal cells.
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What is the primary purpose of waxes secreted in glands on hair?
What is the primary purpose of waxes secreted in glands on hair?
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In DNA, the base adenine pairs with ______, while in RNA it pairs with ______.
In DNA, the base adenine pairs with ______, while in RNA it pairs with ______.
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What is the role of ATP in cellular processes?
What is the role of ATP in cellular processes?
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Study Notes
Carbohydrates
- Carbohydrates have similar atomic compositions (CnH2nOn) but varying sizes and functions.
- Their structure involves carbon bonded to hydrogen atoms and hydroxyl groups.
- Key biochemical roles include storing energy, transporting stored energy, and serving as carbon skeletons.
- Categories based on monomer number: monosaccharides (one), disaccharides (two), oligosaccharides (3-20), and polysaccharides (hundreds/thousands).
Monosaccharides
- General formula CnH2nOn; cannot be hydrolyzed further.
- Properties include sweetness, colorlessness, and crystallinity at room temperature.
- Structure: linear carbon skeleton with a carbonyl group (C=O) and hydroxyl groups (OH).
- Carbon atoms numbered from the carbonyl end.
- Classified as aldoses (aldehyde at position 1) or ketoses (ketone between carbons).
- Vary in the number of carbon atoms (trioses, tetroses, pentoses, hexoses, etc.).
- Simplest: glyceraldehyde (a triose aldose).
- Chiral centers (C atom with 4 distinct atoms bonded) lead to optical isomers (D/L).
- Multiple chiral carbons in larger monosaccharides create many stereoisomers (2^n where n is the number of chiral carbons).
- Structural isomers (same formula, different structure) are possible, with altered properties.
Hexoses
- Group of structural isomers (C6H12O6).
- Glucose: an aldohexose, existing in linear and cyclic forms.
- Cyclic forms: hemiacetals (from aldehydes) or hemiketals (from ketones).
- Two types of glucose ring: α (OH group down) and β (OH group up).
- Fructose: a ketohexose, forming a cyclic structure through a hydroxyl attack on the ketone.
Pentoses
- Ribose: component of RNA.
- Deoxyribose: component of DNA (lacks oxygen at carbon 2).
Reactions of Monosaccharides
- Fehling's Reaction: A reducing sugar reacts with an oxidizing agent (copper) to form a reduced product.
Glycosidic Linkages
- Disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides are formed from monosaccharides linked by glycosidic linkages.
- Formed via condensation reactions (water released) when an hydroxyl group attacks an anomeric carbon, creating an acetal linkage.
- Acetal linkage is less reactive, thus making disaccharides more stable.
Disaccharides
- Formed by linking monosaccharides via glycosidic bonds.
- Common linkages between C1 of one monosaccharide and C4 of the adjacent.
- Specific examples: maltose (α-1,4 link between two α-glucose), cellobiose (β-1,4 link between two β-glucose), sucrose (glucose + fructose), lactose (galactose + glucose).
Oligosaccharides
- Contain 3 to 20 monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds.
- Often covalently bonded to proteins and lipids.
Lipids
- Diverse group of non-polar molecules soluble in nonpolar solvents.
- Categorized into saponifiable (contain hydrolyzable fatty acids) and nonsaponifiable (no fatty acids).
- Hydrophobic nature leads to aggregation in nonpolar environments.
- Key roles in energy storage, structure, light capture, hormone/vitamin roles, and nervous system insulation.
Triglycerides
- Fats and oils composed of glycerol and three fatty acids linked by ester linkages.
- Fatty acids: carboxyl group and a long hydrocarbon chain.
- Saturated: single bonds, tightly packed, high melting point.
- Unsaturated: one or more double bonds, causing kinks, low melting point.
- Melting point/fluidity influenced by chain length and saturation level.
Phospholipids
- Contain glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group linked by ester linkages.
- Phosphate head is hydrophilic; fatty acid tails are hydrophobic.
- Form bilayers in water, with tails facing inward and heads outward.
Carotenoids
- Light-absorbing pigments; β-carotene converts to Vitamin A.
- Contribute colors to plants and animals.
- Involved in light trapping/photosynthesis.
Steroids
- Four interconnected carbon rings; cholesterol is an example.
- Synthesized by animal cells and serve various functions.
Vitamins
- Essential organic molecules not synthesized by the body.
- Examples include Vitamin A (derived from β-carotene), D, E, K.
Waxes
- Secreted by glands to coat hair, repelling water and maintaining flexibility.
- Composed of a saturated fatty acid and a saturated alcohol joined by an ester linkage.
Nucleic Acids
- Polymers for storage, transmission, and use of genetic information.
- Two types: DNA and RNA.
Nucleotides
- Building blocks of nucleic acids, each comprising a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and one to three phosphate groups.
- Bases categorized as pyrimidines (single ring) or purines (double ring).
- Formation of nucleic acids through phosphodiester linkages between the 5' carbon of one nucleotide and the 3' carbon of the next.
- Directionality of nucleic acid growth is 5' to 3'.
DNA and RNA
- DNA: double helix structure, with complementary base pairing (A-T, C-G).
- RNA: single-stranded, with complementary base pairing (A-U, C-G), though base pairing within the same molecule can also occur.
- Different types (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA) with varied roles.
Other Nucleotides
- ATP and GTP: energy carriers in biochemical reactions.
- cAMP: involved in signal transduction.
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of carbohydrates, highlighting their structure, biochemical roles, and classifications. Special focus is given to monosaccharides, including their properties, structures, and types based on the number of carbon atoms. Test your knowledge on these essential biomolecules.
