Carbohydrates and Lipids Definitions

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Questions and Answers

What is a monosaccharide?

A carbohydrate made up of a single sugar residue

What is a disaccharide?

A carbohydrate made up of two sugar residues

What is an oligosaccharide?

A carbohydrate made up of 3-10 sugar residues

What is a polysaccharide?

A carbohydrate made up of more than 10 sugar residues Signup and view all the answers

What is an aldose?

A carbohydrate whose carbonyl group is an aldehyde Signup and view all the answers

What is a ketose?

A carbohydrate whose carbonyl group is a ketone Signup and view all the answers

What is a triose?

A carbohydrate made up of 3 carbons Signup and view all the answers

What is a lipid?

A biological molecule that is largely hydrophobic and thus insoluble in water Signup and view all the answers

What is a fatty acid?

A carboxylic acid with a long hydrocarbon side chain Signup and view all the answers

Amphiphilic and amphipathic molecules are the same.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is a saturated fatty acid?

A fatty acid that is fully reduced, thus contains no double (or triple) bonds Signup and view all the answers

What is an unsaturated fatty acid?

A fatty acid containing double bonds Signup and view all the answers

What is the common name of 12:0?

Lauric Acid Signup and view all the answers

What is the systematic name of Myristic Acid?

Tetradecanoic acid Signup and view all the answers

What is the structural formula of Palmitic Acid?

CH3(CH2)14COOH Signup and view all the answers

What is the common name for the fatty acid 18:1n-9?

Oleic Acid Signup and view all the answers

Identify the common name for C18:3n-3.

α-Linolenic acid Signup and view all the answers

Name the following molecule: Glyceraldehyde.

Glyceraldehyde Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the molecule ethanolamine?

Ethanolamine Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the sugar with the formula C6H12O6?

Glucose Signup and view all the answers

What is Galactose?

Galactose Signup and view all the answers

What is Fructose?

Fructose Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Carbohydrates Definitions

Monosaccharide: Single sugar unit; simplest form of carbohydrates.
Disaccharide: Composed of two monosaccharide units.
Oligosaccharide: Contains 3-10 monosaccharide units.
Polysaccharide: Made up of more than 10 monosaccharide units.
Aldose: Carbohydrate with an aldehyde group as its carbonyl functional group.
Ketose: Carbohydrate with a ketone group as its carbonyl functional group.
Triose: A carbohydrate with three carbon atoms; prefixes indicate the number of carbons (tri- to hept-).

Lipids Definitions

Lipid: Hydrophobic biological molecule; insoluble in water.
Fatty Acid: A long hydrocarbon chain carboxylic acid.
Amphiphilic/Amphipathic: Molecules that possess both hydrophilic (water-attracting) and hydrophobic (water-repelling) properties.
Saturated Fatty Acid: Fully reduced fatty acid with no double or triple bonds.
Unsaturated Fatty Acid: Contains one or more double bonds in the carbon chain.

Saturated Fatty Acids Structures

Lauric Acid (12:0): Dodecanoic acid; structure: CH3(CH2)10COOH.
Myristic Acid (14:0): Tetradecanoic acid; structure: CH3(CH2)12COOH.
Palmitic Acid (16:0): Hexadecanoic acid; structure: CH3(CH2)14COOH.
Stearic Acid (18:0): Octadecanoic acid; structure: CH3(CH2)16COOH.
Arachidic Acid (20:0): Eicosanoic acid; structure: CH3(CH2)18COOH.

Unsaturated Fatty Acids Structures

Palmitoleic Acid (16:1n-7): 9-Hexadecenoic acid; structure: CH3(CH2)5CH=CH(CH2)7COOH.
Oleic Acid (18:1n-9): 9-Octadecenoic acid; structure: CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7COOH.
Linoleic Acid (18:2n-6): 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid; structure: CH3(CH2)4(CH=CHCH2)2(CH2)6COOH.
α-Linolenic Acid (18:3n-3): 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid; structure: CH3CH2(CH=CHCH2)3(CH2)6COOH.
Arachidonic Acid (20:4n-6): 5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraenoic acid; structure: CH3(CH2)4(CH=CHCH2)4(CH2)2COOH.
EPA (20:5n-3): 5,8,11,14,17-Eicosapentaenoic acid; structure: CH3CH2(CH=CHCH2)5(CH2)2COOH.
DHA (22:6n-3): 4,7,10,13,16,19-Docosohexenoic acid; structure: CH3CH2(CH=CHCH2)6CH2COOH.

Carbohydrates Structures

Glyceraldehyde: A triose carbohydrate, with an aldehyde group.
Glycerol: A simple polyol compound; backbone for lipids.
Ethanolamine: Amino alcohol; building block for phospholipids.
Choline: Nutrient; precursor for acetylcholine and phospholipids.
Glucose: A primary energy source for cells; a hexose sugar.
Galactose: A component of lactose; hexose sugar.
Fructose: A sugar found in many plants; often referred to as fruit sugar.

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Description

This quiz covers essential definitions related to carbohydrates and lipids, including monosaccharides, disaccharides, and various types of fatty acids. Test your knowledge of these fundamental biological molecules and their characteristics. Perfect for biology students and anyone interested in nutritional science.