Carbohydrates and Disaccharides Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which glycosidic bond configuration is present in maltose?

  • α(1→2)
  • N-glycosidic
  • α(1→4) (correct)
  • β(1→4)

What type of disaccharide is sucrose classified as?

  • Polysaccharide
  • Reducing disaccharide
  • Amino disaccharide
  • Non-reducing disaccharide (correct)

Which enzyme is responsible for hydrolyzing sucrose?

  • Invertase (correct)
  • Amylase
  • Maltase
  • Lactase

Which of the following contains a β(1→4) glycosidic bond?

<p>Lactose (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of isomaltose?

<p>Two glucose units (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sugar is referred to as invert sugar after hydrolysis?

<p>Sucrose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of linkage connects sugar to nitrogen in N-glycosides?

<p>N-glycosidic linkage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of reducing disaccharides?

<p>They contain a free keto or aldehyde group (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes homopolysaccharides from heteropolysaccharides?

<p>Homopolysaccharides contain only one type of monosaccharide unit. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component primarily defines the water solubility of starch?

<p>The ratio of amylopectin to amylose. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which polysaccharide serves as the primary energy storage molecule in animal cells?

<p>Glycogen. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of glycosidic linkages are found in amylose?

<p>A(1-4) linkages. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding glycogen's structure?

<p>Glycogen is primarily composed of branched A(1-6) linkages. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of cellulose in plants?

<p>Formation of the cell wall. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is shared by both starch and glycogen?

<p>Both contain only glucose units. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is not typically associated with polysaccharides?

<p>Involvement in direct energy generation in metabolic pathways. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a reaction that produces sugar acids?

<p>Oxidation of the last hydroxyl carbon (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes deoxy sugars?

<p>Absence of one oxygen atom (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which amino sugar is commonly found in glycoproteins and involved in the synthetic pathway in connective tissues?

<p>Glucosamine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of acid is formed by the oxidation of both the carbonyl carbon and the last hydroxyl carbon in a monosaccharide?

<p>Aldaric acid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following compounds is a sugar alcohol derived from glucose?

<p>Sorbitol (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the phosphorylation of a monosaccharide?

<p>A phosphate group is added using ATP (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly identifies a sugar acid resulting from the oxidation of glucose?

<p>Glucuronic acid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about amino sugars and their acids is true?

<p>Amino sugar acids are linked to glycoproteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main structural difference between glycogen and amylopectin?

<p>Glycogen has more branch points occurring every 8 to 12 residues. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about cellulose is correct?

<p>Cellulose contains B-(1-4) glycosidic linkages. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily distinguishes chitin from cellulose?

<p>Chitin has N-acetyl glucosamine units instead of glucose. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of dextrans?

<p>Poly-D-glucose linked primarily by (1-6) linkages with branches. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about inulin is true?

<p>Inulin serves as a storage carbohydrate in various plants. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do cellulolytic microorganisms play in relation to cellulose?

<p>They can hydrolyze cellulose through the production of cellulase. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sugars are produced when inulin is hydrolyzed?

<p>Only D-fructose. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What are sugar phosphates?

Phosphorylation reactions involve attaching a phosphate group to a sugar using enzymes called 'protein kinases'. The phosphate donor is adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

How are sugar acids formed?

Sugar acids are formed by oxidizing a sugar's carbonyl carbon, last hydroxyl carbon, or both.

What are aldonic acids?

Aldonic acids are formed by oxidizing the carbonyl carbon of an aldose to a carboxylic acid group. Example: glucose is oxidized to gluconic acid.

What are uronic acids?

Uronic acids are formed by oxidizing the last hydroxyl(C6) carbon of an aldose to a carboxylic acid group. Example: glucose is oxidized to glucuronic acid.

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What are aldaric acids?

Aldaric acids are formed by oxidizing both the carbonyl carbon and the last hydroxyl carbon of an aldose to carboxylic acid groups. Example: glucose is oxidized to glucaric acid.

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What are sugar alcohols?

Sugar alcohols are formed when the carbonyl carbon of a monosaccharide (aldose or ketose) is reduced to an alcohol group. Glucose is reduced to sorbitol, galactose to dulcitol, mannose to mannitol, and fructose to mannitol and sorbitol.

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What are deoxy sugars?

Deoxy sugars are sugars where one hydroxyl group has been replaced by a hydrogen atom. Deoxyribose is found in DNA and ATP.

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What are amino sugars?

Amino sugars have an amino group (NH2) or an acetyl-amino group attached to carbon number 2. They are critical components of glycoproteins, glycosphingolipids, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), and some antibiotics. The major amino sugars include glucosamine, galactosamine, mannosamine, and sialic acid.

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Glycosidic bond

A bond formed between two monosaccharide molecules when the anomeric carbon of one sugar reacts with a hydroxyl group of another sugar, releasing a molecule of water.

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N-glycosidic bond

A glycosidic bond involving a nitrogen atom. An example is the attachment of a sugar to an asparagine residue in a protein.

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O-glycosidic bond

A glycosidic bond involving an oxygen atom. An example is the attachment of a sugar to a serine or threonine residue in a protein.

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Disaccharide

A sugar composed of two linked monosaccharide units.

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Reducing disaccharide

A disaccharide with a free anomeric carbon. This allows the disaccharide to participate in redox reactions.

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Non-reducing disaccharide

A disaccharide with both anomeric carbons involved in the glycosidic bond. It's unable to participate in redox reactions.

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Sucrose

A disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose linked by an α(1→2) glycosidic bond. It's the most common type of table sugar.

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Maltose

A disaccharide composed of two glucose units linked by an α(1→4) glycosidic bond. It's a major product of starch digestion.

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What are polysaccharides?

A long chain made of many sugar molecules joined together by special bonds called glycosidic bonds.

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What are homopolysaccharides?

Polysaccharides made up of only one type of sugar molecule.

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What are heteropolysaccharides?

Polysaccharides made up of two or more different types of sugar molecules.

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What is starch?

A homopolysaccharide found in plants, composed of glucose units linked together by alpha glycosidic bonds.

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What is amylose?

A linear component of starch, made of glucose units linked by alpha (1-4) glycosidic bonds.

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What is amylopectin?

A branched component of starch, made of glucose units linked by alpha (1-4) and alpha (1-6) glycosidic bonds.

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What is glycogen?

A homopolysaccharide found in animals, used for energy storage.

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What is cellulose?

A homopolysaccharide found in plants, used to form cell walls.

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Liver glycogen response to blood glucose

Liver glycogen can be broken down into glucose, increasing blood glucose levels.

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Muscle glycogen structure

Muscle glycogen is a branched polymer of glucose, similar to amylopectin, but with more frequent branch points.

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Cellulose structure and function

Cellulose is the main structural component of plant cell walls. It's a linear polymer of glucose linked by beta(1-4) glycosidic bonds.

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Cellulose digestion in humans

Humans cannot digest cellulose because they lack the enzyme cellulase, which can break down beta(1-4) glycosidic bonds.

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Chitin structure and function

Chitin is a linear polymer of N-acetyl glucosamine, similar in structure and function to cellulose. It's the main component of arthropod exoskeletons.

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Dextrans and dextrins

Dextrans are bacterial and yeast polysaccharides made up of glucose units linked by alpha(1-6) bonds with branches. Dextrins are smaller, partially hydrolyzed starch fragments.

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Inulin structure and function

Inulin is a polymer of fructose units linked by beta(2-1) bonds. It's a reserve carbohydrate in plants like artichokes and onions.

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Inulin digestion and biomedical importance

Humans lack the enzyme inulinase, so they cannot digest inulin. Inulin is used in medical studies to measure glomerular filtration rate (GFR).

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Study Notes

Carbohydrate Chemistry

  • Carbohydrates are crucial for various biological functions, serving as structural components and energy sources.
  • Monosaccharides are the most basic units of carbohydrates.
  • Derivatives of monosaccharides include sugar phosphates, sugar alcohols, sugar acids, deoxy sugars, and amino sugars.

Derivatives of Monosaccharides

  • Sugar Phosphates: These derivatives are involved in phosphorylation reactions, catalyzed by protein kinases using ATP as a phosphate source.
  • Sugar Alcohols: Monosaccharides can be reduced to sugar alcohols at the carbonyl carbon. Examples include glucose to sorbitol, galactose to dulcitol, and mannose to mannitol.
  • Sugar Acids: Oxidation of the carbonyl group or terminal hydroxyl group results in aldonic acids and uronic acids. Glucose can be oxidized into gluconic or glucuronic acid.
  • Deoxy Sugars: These sugars have a hydroxyl group replaced by a hydrogen atom. Deoxyribose, found in ATP and DNA, is an example. L-Fucose is found in glycoproteins.
  • Amino Sugars: The hydroxyl group at carbon number 2 is replaced by an amino or acetyl-amino group. Examples include glucosamine, galactosamine, and mannosamine. Sialic acid is a nine-carbon amino sugar.

Glycosidic Bonds

  • Glycosidic bonds link monosaccharides to form disaccharides and polysaccharides.
  • Bonds are named based on the position of the anomeric carbon and whether it's an alpha or beta configuration.
  • A(1-4) and A(1-6) glycosidic bonds are examples.

Disaccharides

  • Disaccharides are composed of two monosaccharide units linked by a glycosidic bond.
  • Examples of reducing disaccharides include maltose and lactose which contain a free aldehyde or keto group. Sucrose is a non-reducing disaccharide, lacking a free aldehyde or keto group.

Polysaccharides

  • Polysaccharides are long chains of monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds.
  • Homopolysaccharides contain one type of monosaccharide unit, while heteropolysaccharides contain two or more.
  • Examples of homopolysaccharides include starch, glycogen, and cellulose.
  • Starch, composed of amylose and amylopectin, is a storage carbohydrate in plants.
  • Glycogen is a storage carbohydrate in animals.
  • Cellulose is a structural component of plant cell walls.
  • Chitin is a structural component of arthropod exoskeletons.
  • Dextrans are bacterial polysaccharides.

Other Carbohydrates

  • Inulin is a fructose polymer.

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Carbohydrate Chemistry PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on carbohydrates, specifically focusing on disaccharides, glycosidic bonds, and enzyme functions. This quiz covers various aspects of sugar composition and structure, including maltose, sucrose, and polysaccharides. Perfect for students studying biochemistry or related fields.

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