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Questions and Answers
What type of sugar is classified as an aldose?
What type of sugar is classified as an aldose?
- A sugar with a ketone group
- A sugar with a carbonyl at the terminus (correct)
- A sugar with no carbonyl group
- A sugar with carbonyl in the interior
All monosaccharides are either aldoses or disaccharides.
All monosaccharides are either aldoses or disaccharides.
False (B)
What is formed when a cyclic form is created from an aldo sugar?
What is formed when a cyclic form is created from an aldo sugar?
Hemiacetal
A sugar with a ketone group is called a __________.
A sugar with a ketone group is called a __________.
Which of the following best describes a ketose?
Which of the following best describes a ketose?
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
In a cyclic sugar, the former carbonyl carbon becomes part of a hydroxyl group (OH).
In a cyclic sugar, the former carbonyl carbon becomes part of a hydroxyl group (OH).
In a ketose, the carbonyl group is classified as a __________.
In a ketose, the carbonyl group is classified as a __________.
Which of the following polysaccharides is the primary glucose storage form in the human body?
Which of the following polysaccharides is the primary glucose storage form in the human body?
The brain can switch to using fat as a primary fuel source when glucose levels are low.
The brain can switch to using fat as a primary fuel source when glucose levels are low.
Why can't humans digest cellulose?
Why can't humans digest cellulose?
Your liver releases glucose into the blood to maintain _______ levels during fasting.
Your liver releases glucose into the blood to maintain _______ levels during fasting.
Match the following carbohydrate terms to their correct descriptions:
Match the following carbohydrate terms to their correct descriptions:
What is the primary purpose of glucose in living organisms?
What is the primary purpose of glucose in living organisms?
All carbohydrates are disaccharides.
All carbohydrates are disaccharides.
What term describes a carbohydrate made of two monosaccharides?
What term describes a carbohydrate made of two monosaccharides?
A carbohydrate with more than twelve monosaccharide units is called a __________.
A carbohydrate with more than twelve monosaccharide units is called a __________.
Match the following carbohydrate types with their examples:
Match the following carbohydrate types with their examples:
How many carbon atoms typically form the open chain of monosaccharides?
How many carbon atoms typically form the open chain of monosaccharides?
The cyclic forms of monosaccharides are less stable than their open-chain forms.
The cyclic forms of monosaccharides are less stable than their open-chain forms.
What is the typical structure formula of carbohydrates?
What is the typical structure formula of carbohydrates?
A carbohydrate consisting of three to ten monosaccharides is known as an __________.
A carbohydrate consisting of three to ten monosaccharides is known as an __________.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of aldoses?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of aldoses?
Polysaccharides are composed of fewer than two monosaccharides.
Polysaccharides are composed of fewer than two monosaccharides.
What is the most common monosaccharide found in major disaccharides?
What is the most common monosaccharide found in major disaccharides?
All ketoses form a six-membered ring in organisms.
All ketoses form a six-membered ring in organisms.
What type of bond is formed between glucose and fructose in sucrose?
What type of bond is formed between glucose and fructose in sucrose?
The cyclic form resulting from the reaction of an aldose is called a ______.
The cyclic form resulting from the reaction of an aldose is called a ______.
Match the disaccharide with its components:
Match the disaccharide with its components:
What characterizes a hemiketal?
What characterizes a hemiketal?
Disaccharides only consist of the monosaccharides glucose and fructose.
Disaccharides only consist of the monosaccharides glucose and fructose.
Which two monosaccharides make up lactose?
Which two monosaccharides make up lactose?
Fructose predominantly forms a five-member ring in bilateral organisms, making it a type of ______.
Fructose predominantly forms a five-member ring in bilateral organisms, making it a type of ______.
What is the relationship between aldoses and ketoses?
What is the relationship between aldoses and ketoses?
What type of bond forms between monosaccharide monomers in disaccharides and polysaccharides?
What type of bond forms between monosaccharide monomers in disaccharides and polysaccharides?
Amylose has a branched structure.
Amylose has a branched structure.
What are the two components that make up starch?
What are the two components that make up starch?
In a glycosidic linkage, the bond typically forms between two __________ molecules.
In a glycosidic linkage, the bond typically forms between two __________ molecules.
Match the following types of polysaccharides with their characteristics:
Match the following types of polysaccharides with their characteristics:
Which carbon position is involved in the glycosidic bond of maltose?
Which carbon position is involved in the glycosidic bond of maltose?
Amylopectin primarily consists of glucose bonded in two directions.
Amylopectin primarily consists of glucose bonded in two directions.
What is the difference in structure between amylose and amylopectin?
What is the difference in structure between amylose and amylopectin?
Maltose is composed of two __________ molecules.
Maltose is composed of two __________ molecules.
What type of linkage is formed at carbon 1 and carbon 6 in amylopectin?
What type of linkage is formed at carbon 1 and carbon 6 in amylopectin?
Study Notes
Carbonyl Groups in Sugars
- Aldehyde vs. Ketone: Terminal carbonyl denotes an aldose (monosaccharide), while an interior carbonyl indicates a ketose.
- Monosaccharides: Basic sugar units known as poly alcohols; have either aldehyde or ketone groups.
Cyclization of Sugars
- Nucleophilic Attack: The conversion from an open-chain to a cyclic form involves a nucleophilic attack by an alcohol oxygen on a carbonyl carbon.
- Formation of Rings: Cyclic forms usually have five or six membered rings, such as hemicetals (from ketoses) or hemiacetals (from aldoses).
Carbohydrate Classification
- General Formula: Carbohydrates typically follow the formula Cn(H2O)n, showcasing their structure as hydrophilic molecules with numerous hydroxyl groups.
- Monosaccharides: Single sugar units function as fuel, like glucose.
- Disaccharides: Formed by the bond of two monosaccharides; notable examples include sucrose, lactose, and maltose.
- Polysaccharides: Large polymers made of many monosaccharides, encompassing starch, glycogen, and cellulose.
Specific Carbohydrate Examples
- Oligosaccharides: Short chains of monosaccharides, typically more than two but less than twelve units.
- Disaccharides:
- Sucrose: Composed of glucose and fructose.
- Lactose: Contains glucose and galactose.
- Maltose: Made of two glucose units linked by a glycosidic bond.
Glycosidic Bonds
- Linkages: Bonds between monosaccharides are called glycosidic linkages, which can vary based on the structure of the involved sugars.
Polysaccharides Details
- Starch: Composed of amylose (linear structure) and amylopectin (branched structure). Both consist of glucose units linked through glycosidic bonds.
- Glycogen: Storage form of glucose in animals, primarily in liver and muscle tissues. Releases glucose into the bloodstream during low blood sugar conditions.
- Cellulose: Most abundant polysaccharide, found in plant cell walls. Composed of β(1→4) glycosidic bonds, making it indigestible for humans but beneficial as dietary fiber.
Biological Relevance
- Energy Source: Glucose serves as a primary energy source for cellular functions, especially in the brain.
- Dietary Fiber: Cellulose contributes to digestive health by not being absorbed, promoting gut movement.
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Description
This quiz focuses on the structural features of carbohydrates, particularly sugars like aldoses and ketoses. It explores the significance of carbonyl groups in monosaccharides and their classification. Test your understanding of these fundamental concepts in biochemistry!
