Carbohydrates and Carbonyl Groups Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What type of sugar is classified as an aldose?

  • A sugar with a ketone group
  • A sugar with a carbonyl at the terminus (correct)
  • A sugar with no carbonyl group
  • A sugar with carbonyl in the interior

    • All monosaccharides are either aldoses or disaccharides.

    False

    What is formed when a cyclic form is created from an aldo sugar?

    Hemiacetal

    A sugar with a ketone group is called a __________.

    <p>ketose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a ketose?

    <p>Contains a carbonyl not at the terminus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Aldose = A monosaccharide with a carbonyl at the terminus Ketose = A monosaccharide with a carbonyl in the interior Hemiacetal = Formed from an aldo sugar in a cyclic structure Cyclization = The process of forming a ring structure from a linear chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a cyclic sugar, the former carbonyl carbon becomes part of a hydroxyl group (OH).

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a ketose, the carbonyl group is classified as a __________.

    <p>ketone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following polysaccharides is the primary glucose storage form in the human body?

    <p>Glycogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The brain can switch to using fat as a primary fuel source when glucose levels are low.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why can't humans digest cellulose?

    <p>Humans lack the enzymes necessary to break beta 1-4 glycosidic bonds found in cellulose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Your liver releases glucose into the blood to maintain _______ levels during fasting.

    <p>blood sugar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following carbohydrate terms to their correct descriptions:

    <p>Monosaccharides = Single sugar units like glucose and fructose Disaccharides = Two sugar units bonded together, such as sucrose Polysaccharides = Long chains of sugar units, including starch and glycogen Cyclization = The process of forming cyclic structures from linear sugar molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of glucose in living organisms?

    <p>Fuel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All carbohydrates are disaccharides.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes a carbohydrate made of two monosaccharides?

    <p>Disaccharide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A carbohydrate with more than twelve monosaccharide units is called a __________.

    <p>polysaccharide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following carbohydrate types with their examples:

    <p>Monosaccharide = Glucose Disaccharide = Sucrose Oligosaccharide = Raffinose Polysaccharide = Starch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many carbon atoms typically form the open chain of monosaccharides?

    <p>5-6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cyclic forms of monosaccharides are less stable than their open-chain forms.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical structure formula of carbohydrates?

    <p>C_n(H_2O)_n</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A carbohydrate consisting of three to ten monosaccharides is known as an __________.

    <p>oligosaccharide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of aldoses?

    <p>Always contain at least six carbon atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Polysaccharides are composed of fewer than two monosaccharides.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common monosaccharide found in major disaccharides?

    <p>Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All ketoses form a six-membered ring in organisms.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond is formed between glucose and fructose in sucrose?

    <p>Glycosidic bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cyclic form resulting from the reaction of an aldose is called a ______.

    <p>hemiketal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the disaccharide with its components:

    <p>Sucrose = Glucose + Fructose Lactose = Glucose + Galactose Maltose = Two Glucose Units Trehalose = Two Glucose Units</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a hemiketal?

    <p>It is bonded to both OH and OR groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Disaccharides only consist of the monosaccharides glucose and fructose.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two monosaccharides make up lactose?

    <p>Glucose and Galactose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fructose predominantly forms a five-member ring in bilateral organisms, making it a type of ______.

    <p>ketose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between aldoses and ketoses?

    <p>Aldoses contain aldehyde groups while ketoses contain ketone groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond forms between monosaccharide monomers in disaccharides and polysaccharides?

    <p>Glycosidic bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Amylose has a branched structure.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two components that make up starch?

    <p>Amylose and amylopectin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a glycosidic linkage, the bond typically forms between two __________ molecules.

    <p>glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of polysaccharides with their characteristics:

    <p>Amylose = Linear structure Amylopectin = Branched structure Glycogen = Highly branched structure Cellulose = Structural component in plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which carbon position is involved in the glycosidic bond of maltose?

    <p>Carbon 1 of one glucose to Carbon 4 of another glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Amylopectin primarily consists of glucose bonded in two directions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference in structure between amylose and amylopectin?

    <p>Amylose is linear, while amylopectin is branched.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Maltose is composed of two __________ molecules.

    <p>glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of linkage is formed at carbon 1 and carbon 6 in amylopectin?

    <p>1-6 glycosidic bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Carbonyl Groups in Sugars

    • Aldehyde vs. Ketone: Terminal carbonyl denotes an aldose (monosaccharide), while an interior carbonyl indicates a ketose.
    • Monosaccharides: Basic sugar units known as poly alcohols; have either aldehyde or ketone groups.

    Cyclization of Sugars

    • Nucleophilic Attack: The conversion from an open-chain to a cyclic form involves a nucleophilic attack by an alcohol oxygen on a carbonyl carbon.
    • Formation of Rings: Cyclic forms usually have five or six membered rings, such as hemicetals (from ketoses) or hemiacetals (from aldoses).

    Carbohydrate Classification

    • General Formula: Carbohydrates typically follow the formula Cn(H2O)n, showcasing their structure as hydrophilic molecules with numerous hydroxyl groups.
    • Monosaccharides: Single sugar units function as fuel, like glucose.
    • Disaccharides: Formed by the bond of two monosaccharides; notable examples include sucrose, lactose, and maltose.
    • Polysaccharides: Large polymers made of many monosaccharides, encompassing starch, glycogen, and cellulose.

    Specific Carbohydrate Examples

    • Oligosaccharides: Short chains of monosaccharides, typically more than two but less than twelve units.
    • Disaccharides:
      • Sucrose: Composed of glucose and fructose.
      • Lactose: Contains glucose and galactose.
      • Maltose: Made of two glucose units linked by a glycosidic bond.

    Glycosidic Bonds

    • Linkages: Bonds between monosaccharides are called glycosidic linkages, which can vary based on the structure of the involved sugars.

    Polysaccharides Details

    • Starch: Composed of amylose (linear structure) and amylopectin (branched structure). Both consist of glucose units linked through glycosidic bonds.
    • Glycogen: Storage form of glucose in animals, primarily in liver and muscle tissues. Releases glucose into the bloodstream during low blood sugar conditions.
    • Cellulose: Most abundant polysaccharide, found in plant cell walls. Composed of β(1→4) glycosidic bonds, making it indigestible for humans but beneficial as dietary fiber.

    Biological Relevance

    • Energy Source: Glucose serves as a primary energy source for cellular functions, especially in the brain.
    • Dietary Fiber: Cellulose contributes to digestive health by not being absorbed, promoting gut movement.

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    Description

    This quiz focuses on the structural features of carbohydrates, particularly sugars like aldoses and ketoses. It explores the significance of carbonyl groups in monosaccharides and their classification. Test your understanding of these fundamental concepts in biochemistry!

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