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Questions and Answers
Which pathway is considered a pure anabolic pathway?
Which pathway is considered a pure anabolic pathway?
What is the total ATP yield from the complete oxidation of one molecule of glucose aerobically?
What is the total ATP yield from the complete oxidation of one molecule of glucose aerobically?
Which coenzyme is specifically required by the HMP shunt?
Which coenzyme is specifically required by the HMP shunt?
Which cycle occurs completely in the mitochondria?
Which cycle occurs completely in the mitochondria?
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Which key enzyme is required for glycogenesis?
Which key enzyme is required for glycogenesis?
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What type of bond does glycogen phosphorylase break?
What type of bond does glycogen phosphorylase break?
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Which metabolic pathway does fructose 2,6-bisphosphate stimulate?
Which metabolic pathway does fructose 2,6-bisphosphate stimulate?
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What condition is characterized by decreased renal tubular reabsorption of glucose?
What condition is characterized by decreased renal tubular reabsorption of glucose?
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Which enzyme converts glucose to glucose-6-phosphate?
Which enzyme converts glucose to glucose-6-phosphate?
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What is the normal renal threshold for glucose reabsorption?
What is the normal renal threshold for glucose reabsorption?
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Study Notes
Carbohydrate Metabolism Revision
- Anabolic Pathway: Glycogenesis, Gluconeogenesis
- Catabolic Pathway: Glycolysis, Oxidative decarboxylation, Krebs cycle, HMP shunt, Uronic acid pathway, Glycogenolysis
- Amphibolic Pathway: Krebs cycle
- Aerobic Glycolysis: 36-38 ATP from glucose
- Anaerobic Glycolysis: 2 ATP from glucose
- Oxidative Decarboxylation of Pyruvate: 6 ATP
- Acetyl CoA Oxidation (Krebs): 12 ATP
- Substrate-Level Phosphorylation (Glycolysis): Phosphoglycerate kinase and pyruvate kinase
- Substrate-Level Phosphorylation (Krebs Cycle): Succinate thiokinase
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Coenzymes:
- NADP (HMP shunt)
- NAD (Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase)
- FAD (Succinate dehydrogenase)
- Uronic Acid Pathway: Produces glucuronic acid (important for detoxification and vitamin C synthesis in animals)
- HMP Shunt: Produces NADPH+H and ribose-5-phosphate
- Key Glycolysis Enzymes: Hexokinase, Glucokinase, Phosphofructokinase 1, Pyruvate kinase
- Key Krebs Cycle Enzymes: Citrate synthase, Isocitrate synthase, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
- Key HMP Shunt Enzyme: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
- Key Glycogenesis Enzyme: Glycogen synthase
- Key Glycogenolysis Enzyme: Glycogen phosphorylase
- Key Gluconeogenesis Enzymes: Pyruvate carboxylase, Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, Fructose 1,6-biphosphatase, Glucose-6-phosphatase
- Glycogenesis Requirements: Glycogen synthase, UDP-glucose, Branching enzyme, Glycogen primer
- Glycogenolysis Requirements: Glycogen phosphorylase, Inorganic phosphate, Glucan transferase, Debranching enzyme
- Liver Glycogenolysis: Produces free glucose due to glucose-6-phosphatase
- Muscle Glycogenolysis: Does not produce free glucose due to lack of glucose-6-phosphatase
- Cytoplasmic Cycles: Glycolysis, Oxidative decarboxylation, HMP shunt, uronic acid pathway, glycogenesis, glycogenolysis
- Mitochondrial Cycle: Krebs cycle
- Gluconeogenesis Cycle: Both cytoplasmic and mitochondrial
- Glycerol to Glucose (Gluconeogenesis): Converted to dihydroxyacetone phosphate
- Propionyl CoA to Glucose (Gluconeogenesis): Converted to succinyl CoA
- Fructose 2,6-biphosphate: Stimulates glycolysis and inhibits gluconeogenesis
- Fanconi Syndrome: Impaired renal tubular reabsorption of glucose, amino acids, and phosphate
- Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA: Requires pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (with 5 coenzymes: NAD, FAD, CoASH, TPP, and Lipoic acid)
- α-ketoglutarate to Succinyl CoA: Requires α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (with same 5 coenzymes as pyruvate dehydrogenase)
- RBC Glycolysis: Anaerobic, produces lactate, yields 2 ATP, produces 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate
- Blood Glucose Levels: Fasting (70-110 mg/dL), 2-hour PP (up to 140 mg/dL), Hypoglycemia (<60 mg/dL), Normal renal threshold (180 mg/dL)
- Glucokinase and Hexokinase Action: Convert glucose to glucose-6-phosphate
- Fructokinase Action: Converts fructose to fructose-1-phosphate
- Hexokinase Action on Fructose: Converts fructose to fructose-6-phosphate
- Galactokinase Action: Converts galactose to galactose-1-phosphate
- Hexokinase Action on Galactose: Converts galactose to galactose-6-phosphate
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Description
Test your knowledge on carbohydrate metabolism pathways, including anabolic, catabolic, and amphibolic processes. This quiz covers essential pathways such as glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and key enzymes involved in ATP generation. Prepare to dive deep into the intricacies of energy production from carbohydrates.
