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Questions and Answers
Which pathway is considered a pure anabolic pathway?
Which pathway is considered a pure anabolic pathway?
What is the total ATP yield from the complete oxidation of one molecule of glucose aerobically?
What is the total ATP yield from the complete oxidation of one molecule of glucose aerobically?
Which of the following coenzymes is required for the HMP shunt?
Which of the following coenzymes is required for the HMP shunt?
In which pathway is substrate level phosphorylation NOT utilized?
In which pathway is substrate level phosphorylation NOT utilized?
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What is the role of glucose-6-phosphatase in glycogenolysis in the liver?
What is the role of glucose-6-phosphatase in glycogenolysis in the liver?
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What is the function of glycogen phosphorylase?
What is the function of glycogen phosphorylase?
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Which substrate conversion is necessary for synthesizing glucose from propionol?
Which substrate conversion is necessary for synthesizing glucose from propionol?
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What is the effect of fructose 2, 6-bisphosphate on metabolic pathways?
What is the effect of fructose 2, 6-bisphosphate on metabolic pathways?
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What characterizes Fanconi syndrome?
What characterizes Fanconi syndrome?
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What is the normal renal threshold for glucose?
What is the normal renal threshold for glucose?
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Study Notes
Carbohydrate Metabolism Revision
- Anabolic Pathway: Glycogenesis, Gluconeogenesis
- Catabolic Pathway: Glycolysis, Oxidative Decarboxylation, Krebs Cycle, HMP shunt, Uronic acid pathway, Glycogenolysis
- Amphibolic Pathway: Krebs cycle
- Aerobic Glycolysis: Glucose yields 36-38 ATP
- Anaerobic Glycolysis: Glucose yields 2 ATP
- Oxidative Decarboxylation of Pyruvate: 6 ATP
- Acetyl CoA Oxidation in Krebs Cycle: 12 ATP
- Substrate-Level Phosphorylation (Glycolysis): Phosphoglycerate kinase, Pyruvate kinase
- Substrate-Level Phosphorylation (Krebs Cycle): Succinate thiokinase
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Coenzymes:
- HMP shunt: NADP
- Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase: NAD
- Succinate dehydrogenase: FAD
- Uronic Acid Pathway: Important for Glucuronic acid production (detoxification), UDP-glucuronic acid synthesis (vitamin C in animals)
- HMP Shunt: Produces NADPH+H and ribose-5-phosphate
- Key Enzymes (Glycolysis): Hexokinase, Glucokinase, Phosphofructokinase-1, Pyruvate Kinase
- Key Enzymes (Krebs Cycle): Citrate synthase, Isocitrate synthase, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
- Key Enzymes (HMP Shunt): Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
- Key Enzymes (Glycogenesis): Glycogen synthase
- Key Enzymes (Glycogenolysis): Glycogen phosphorylase
- Key Enzymes (Gluconeogenesis): Pyruvate carboxylase, Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, Glucose-6-phosphatase
- Glycogen Synthesis Requirements: Glycogen synthase, UDP-glucose, Branching enzyme, Glycogen primer
- Glycogen Breakdown Requirements: Glycogen phosphorylase, Inorganic phosphate, Glucan transferase, Debranching enzyme
- Glycogenolysis in Liver: Produces free glucose due to glucose-6-phosphatase
- Glycogenolysis in Muscle: Cannot produce free glucose (lacks glucose-6-phosphatase)
- Cytoplasmic Cycles: Glycolysis, Oxidative decarboxylation, HMP shunt, Uronic acid pathway, Glycogenesis, Glycogenolysis
- Mitochondrial Cycle: Krebs cycle
- Gluconeogenesis: Occurs in both cytoplasm and mitochondria
- Glycerol to Glucose: Converted to dihydroxyacetone phosphate for glucose synthesis
- Propionyl-CoA to Glucose: Converted to succinyl-CoA
- Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate: Formed from fructose-6-phosphate. Stimulates glycolysis, inhibits gluconeogenesis
- Fanconi Syndrome: Characterized by decreased reabsorption of glucose, amino acids, phosphate leading to glucosuria, aminoaciduria, phosphaturia
- Pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA: Catalyzed by pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (5 coenzymes: NAD, FAD, CoASH, TPP, Lipoic acid)
- α-Ketoglutarate to Succinyl-CoA: Catalyzed by α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (5 coenzymes)
- RBC Glycolysis: Anaerobic, ends with lactate, produces 2 ATP, independent of insulin, produces 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate
- Blood Glucose Ranges: Normal fasting blood glucose (70-110 mg/dL), 2-hour postprandial (up to 140 mg/dL), Hypoglycemia (<60 mg/dL)
- Renal Threshold for Glucose: 180 mg/dL
- Hexokinase/Glucokinase on Glucose: Glucose-6-phosphate
- Fructokinase on Fructose: Fructose-1-phosphate
- Hexokinase on Fructose: Fructose-6-phosphate
- Galactokinase on Galactose: Galactose-1-phosphate
- Hexokinase on Galactose: Galactose-6-phosphate
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Description
Test your knowledge on carbohydrate metabolism pathways with this quiz. Covering anabolic, catabolic, and amphibolic processes, you'll explore key concepts such as glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and substrate-level phosphorylation. Prepare to analyze the roles of enzymes and coenzymes in these vital metabolic routes.
