Carbohydrate Metabolism Quiz

Carbohydrate Metabolism: Structures, Digestion, and Pathways

• Carbohydrates are compounds composed of C, H, and O, and exist as mono, di, and polysaccharides.
• Monosaccharides are the most commonly occurring sugars and can be aldoses or ketoses.
• Glucose is the major hexose found in blood, while fructose and galactose may appear for short periods depending on dietary intake.
• Disaccharides are formed by the condensation of two monosaccharides, and polysaccharides are polymers of monosaccharide units linked by glycosidic bonds.
• Cellulose, found in plants, cannot be digested in the human gastrointestinal tract due to the lack of enzymes that can hydrolyze β-1, 4 linkages.
• Dietary polysaccharides are hydrolyzed by glycosidase enzymes, releasing glucose, maltose, and smaller polysaccharides.
• The liver is the major site of fructose and galactose metabolism, while all tissues can remove glucose, fructose, and galactose from the blood.
• Glycolysis is the central pathway in the catabolism of all sugars and generates ATP, NADH, building block molecules for anabolism, and useful intermediates for specific cell functions.
• Anaerobic glycolysis occurs when there is inadequate oxygen supply or in cells without mitochondria, and pyruvate is reduced to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase.
• Normally, the amount of lactate produced equals the amount of lactate utilized, but high concentrations can cause lactic acidosis.
• Lactose intolerance is caused by low activity of the enzyme lactase, while galactosaemia is caused by a lack of Galactokinase or Galactose 1-phosphate uridyl transferase.
• Galactose and Galactose 1-phosphate accumulation in tissues can lead to cataracts, glaucoma, and damage to the liver, kidney, and brain.

Carbohydrate Metabolism: Structures, Digestion, and Pathways

• Carbohydrates are compounds composed of C, H, and O, and exist as mono, di, and polysaccharides.
• Monosaccharides are the most commonly occurring sugars and can be aldoses or ketoses.
• Glucose is the major hexose found in blood, while fructose and galactose may appear for short periods depending on dietary intake.
• Disaccharides are formed by the condensation of two monosaccharides, and polysaccharides are polymers of monosaccharide units linked by glycosidic bonds.
• Cellulose, found in plants, cannot be digested in the human gastrointestinal tract due to the lack of enzymes that can hydrolyze β-1, 4 linkages.
• Dietary polysaccharides are hydrolyzed by glycosidase enzymes, releasing glucose, maltose, and smaller polysaccharides.
• The liver is the major site of fructose and galactose metabolism, while all tissues can remove glucose, fructose, and galactose from the blood.
• Glycolysis is the central pathway in the catabolism of all sugars and generates ATP, NADH, building block molecules for anabolism, and useful intermediates for specific cell functions.
• Anaerobic glycolysis occurs when there is inadequate oxygen supply or in cells without mitochondria, and pyruvate is reduced to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase.
• Normally, the amount of lactate produced equals the amount of lactate utilized, but high concentrations can cause lactic acidosis.
• Lactose intolerance is caused by low activity of the enzyme lactase, while galactosaemia is caused by a lack of Galactokinase or Galactose 1-phosphate uridyl transferase.
• Galactose and Galactose 1-phosphate accumulation in tissues can lead to cataracts, glaucoma, and damage to the liver, kidney, and brain.