Carbohydrate Metabolism Quiz

Carbohydrate Metabolism

• Carbohydrates are compounds composed of C, H, and O, and exist as mono, di, and polysaccharides.
• Monosaccharides are simple sugar molecules and can be aldoses or ketoses.
• Glucose is the major hexose found in blood, while fructose and galactose may appear depending on dietary intake.
• Disaccharides are formed by the condensation of two monosaccharides.
• Polysaccharides are polymers of monosaccharide units linked by glycosidic bonds, and most are homo-polymers made by the polymerization of one type of monosaccharide.
• Cellulose, found in plants, cannot be digested in the human gastrointestinal tract due to the lack of enzymes that can hydrolyze its β-1, 4 linkages.
• Dietary polysaccharides are hydrolyzed by glycosidase enzymes in the mouth and duodenum.
• Glucose concentration in the blood is normally held relatively constant as some tissues have an absolute requirement for glucose.
• Glycolysis is the central pathway in the catabolism of all sugars and consists of 10 enzyme-catalyzed steps that occur in the cell cytoplasm.
• Anaerobic glycolysis, when oxygen supply is inadequate or in cells without mitochondria, produces lactate which is released into the circulation where it is converted back to pyruvate and oxidized to CO2 or converted to glucose.
• Lactose intolerance is caused by low activity of the enzyme lactase which hydrolyses lactose to release glucose and galactose.
• Galactosaemia is characterized by the absence of Galactokinase or Galactose 1-phosphate uridyl transferase, leading to the accumulation of galactose and Galactose 1-phosphate in tissues causing damage to the liver, kidney, brain, and lens of the eye.

Carbohydrate Metabolism

• Carbohydrates are compounds composed of C, H, and O, and exist as mono, di, and polysaccharides.
• Monosaccharides are simple sugar molecules and can be aldoses or ketoses.
• Glucose is the major hexose found in blood, while fructose and galactose may appear depending on dietary intake.
• Disaccharides are formed by the condensation of two monosaccharides.
• Polysaccharides are polymers of monosaccharide units linked by glycosidic bonds, and most are homo-polymers made by the polymerization of one type of monosaccharide.
• Cellulose, found in plants, cannot be digested in the human gastrointestinal tract due to the lack of enzymes that can hydrolyze its β-1, 4 linkages.
• Dietary polysaccharides are hydrolyzed by glycosidase enzymes in the mouth and duodenum.
• Glucose concentration in the blood is normally held relatively constant as some tissues have an absolute requirement for glucose.
• Glycolysis is the central pathway in the catabolism of all sugars and consists of 10 enzyme-catalyzed steps that occur in the cell cytoplasm.
• Anaerobic glycolysis, when oxygen supply is inadequate or in cells without mitochondria, produces lactate which is released into the circulation where it is converted back to pyruvate and oxidized to CO2 or converted to glucose.
• Lactose intolerance is caused by low activity of the enzyme lactase which hydrolyses lactose to release glucose and galactose.
• Galactosaemia is characterized by the absence of Galactokinase or Galactose 1-phosphate uridyl transferase, leading to the accumulation of galactose and Galactose 1-phosphate in tissues causing damage to the liver, kidney, brain, and lens of the eye.

Carbohydrate Metabolism

• Carbohydrates are compounds composed of C, H, and O, and exist as mono, di, and polysaccharides.
• Monosaccharides are simple sugar molecules and can be aldoses or ketoses.
• Glucose is the major hexose found in blood, while fructose and galactose may appear depending on dietary intake.
• Disaccharides are formed by the condensation of two monosaccharides.
• Polysaccharides are polymers of monosaccharide units linked by glycosidic bonds, and most are homo-polymers made by the polymerization of one type of monosaccharide.
• Cellulose, found in plants, cannot be digested in the human gastrointestinal tract due to the lack of enzymes that can hydrolyze its β-1, 4 linkages.
• Dietary polysaccharides are hydrolyzed by glycosidase enzymes in the mouth and duodenum.
• Glucose concentration in the blood is normally held relatively constant as some tissues have an absolute requirement for glucose.
• Glycolysis is the central pathway in the catabolism of all sugars and consists of 10 enzyme-catalyzed steps that occur in the cell cytoplasm.
• Anaerobic glycolysis, when oxygen supply is inadequate or in cells without mitochondria, produces lactate which is released into the circulation where it is converted back to pyruvate and oxidized to CO2 or converted to glucose.
• Lactose intolerance is caused by low activity of the enzyme lactase which hydrolyses lactose to release glucose and galactose.
• Galactosaemia is characterized by the absence of Galactokinase or Galactose 1-phosphate uridyl transferase, leading to the accumulation of galactose and Galactose 1-phosphate in tissues causing damage to the liver, kidney, brain, and lens of the eye.

Carbohydrate Metabolism: Structures, Digestion, and Pathways

• Carbohydrates are compounds composed of C, H, and O, and exist as mono, di, and polysaccharides.
• Monosaccharides are the most commonly occurring sugars and can be aldoses or ketoses.
• Glucose is the major hexose found in blood, while fructose and galactose may appear for short periods depending on dietary intake.
• Disaccharides are formed by the condensation of two monosaccharides, and polysaccharides are polymers of monosaccharide units linked by glycosidic bonds.
• Cellulose, found in plants, cannot be digested in the human gastrointestinal tract due to the lack of enzymes that can hydrolyze β-1, 4 linkages.
• Dietary polysaccharides are hydrolyzed by glycosidase enzymes, releasing glucose, maltose, and smaller polysaccharides.
• The liver is the major site of fructose and galactose metabolism, while all tissues can remove glucose, fructose, and galactose from the blood.
• Glycolysis is the central pathway in the catabolism of all sugars and generates ATP, NADH, building block molecules for anabolism, and useful intermediates for specific cell functions.
• Anaerobic glycolysis occurs when there is inadequate oxygen supply or in cells without mitochondria, and pyruvate is reduced to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase.
• Normally, the amount of lactate produced equals the amount of lactate utilized, but high concentrations can cause lactic acidosis.
• Lactose intolerance is caused by low activity of the enzyme lactase, while galactosaemia is caused by a lack of Galactokinase or Galactose 1-phosphate uridyl transferase.
• Galactose and Galactose 1-phosphate accumulation in tissues can lead to cataracts, glaucoma, and damage to the liver, kidney, and brain.

Carbohydrate Metabolism: Structures, Digestion, and Pathways

• Carbohydrates are compounds composed of C, H, and O, and exist as mono, di, and polysaccharides.
• Monosaccharides are the most commonly occurring sugars and can be aldoses or ketoses.
• Glucose is the major hexose found in blood, while fructose and galactose may appear for short periods depending on dietary intake.
• Disaccharides are formed by the condensation of two monosaccharides, and polysaccharides are polymers of monosaccharide units linked by glycosidic bonds.
• Cellulose, found in plants, cannot be digested in the human gastrointestinal tract due to the lack of enzymes that can hydrolyze β-1, 4 linkages.
• Dietary polysaccharides are hydrolyzed by glycosidase enzymes, releasing glucose, maltose, and smaller polysaccharides.
• The liver is the major site of fructose and galactose metabolism, while all tissues can remove glucose, fructose, and galactose from the blood.
• Glycolysis is the central pathway in the catabolism of all sugars and generates ATP, NADH, building block molecules for anabolism, and useful intermediates for specific cell functions.
• Anaerobic glycolysis occurs when there is inadequate oxygen supply or in cells without mitochondria, and pyruvate is reduced to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase.
• Normally, the amount of lactate produced equals the amount of lactate utilized, but high concentrations can cause lactic acidosis.
• Lactose intolerance is caused by low activity of the enzyme lactase, while galactosaemia is caused by a lack of Galactokinase or Galactose 1-phosphate uridyl transferase.
• Galactose and Galactose 1-phosphate accumulation in tissues can lead to cataracts, glaucoma, and damage to the liver, kidney, and brain.