Carbohidratos - Azúcares y Tipos
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Questions and Answers

¿Cuál de las siguientes opciones describe mejor a los triglicéridos?

  • Compuestos que contienen solo uno o ningún ácido graso
  • Compuestos que son solubles en agua
  • Compuestos formados por tres ácidos grasos y una glicerol (correct)
  • Compuestos formados por dos ácidos grasos y una glicerol
  • Los ácidos grasos saturados tienen enlaces dobles entre los átomos de carbono.

    False

    ¿Qué tipo de lípidos forman la base de las membranas celulares?

    Fosfolípidos

    Los lípidos son insolubles en agua, lo que significa que son ___.

    <p>hidrofóbicos</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ¿Cuál de los siguientes tipos de ácidos grasos contiene uno o más enlaces dobles?

    <p>Ácidos grasos monoinsaturados</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Los esteroides tienen una estructura similar de anillos en su molécula.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ¿Cuál es la ventaja masiva de los lípidos en comparación con el glucógeno en términos de almacenamiento de energía?

    <p>Seis veces más eficiente</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Empareja los tipos de ácidos grasos con sus características:

    <p>Saturados = Enlaces simples entre carbonos Insaturados = Uno o más enlaces dobles entre carbonos Monoinsaturados = Solo un enlace doble Poliinsaturados = Dos o más enlaces dobles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ¿Cuál de las siguientes afirmaciones es cierta sobre la celulosa?

    <p>Es la base de las paredes celulares de las plantas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    La amilopectina tiene más enlaces 1,6 que el glucógeno.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ¿Cuál es la función principal de los glicoproteínas en las células?

    <p>Reconocimiento entre células</p> Signup and view all the answers

    El _____ es un polímero de α-glucosa que se usa para almacenar glucosa en las plantas.

    <p>amilosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Empareja cada tipo de molécula con su función o característica:

    <p>Celulosa = Base de las paredes celulares de las plantas Glicógeno = Almacenamiento de glucosa en mamíferos Amilopectina = Polímero ramificado de α-glucosa Glicoproteínas = Reconocimiento celular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ¿Qué tipo de enlace predomina en la amilopectina?

    <p>Enlaces 1,6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Las glicoproteínas en los glóbulos rojos tienen funciones conocidas y constantes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ¿Qué sucede si se transfunde sangre que contiene el glicoproteína A en una persona que no la produce?

    <p>La sangre será rechazada.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ¿Cuál de las siguientes funciones NO corresponde a los carbohidratos?

    <p>Transporte de oxígeno</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Los disacáridos se forman por la unión de tres monosacáridos.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ¿Qué tipo de enlace se forma entre las unidades de glucosa en los polisacáridos?

    <p>Enlace glucosídico</p> Signup and view all the answers

    La fórmula química de la glucosa es ______.

    <p>C6H12O6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Relaciona los siguientes carbohidratos con su tipo:

    <p>Glucosa = Monosacárido Maltosa = Disacárido Almidón = Polisacárido Celulosa = Polisacárido</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ¿Cuál de los siguientes carbohidratos es un ejemplo de un disacárido?

    <p>Sacarosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Las moléculas de celulosa son ramificadas.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ¿Cuáles son las dos formas estructurales que pueden tener los monosacáridos?

    <p>Estructura de anillo y estructura en cadena</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Carbohydrates - Saccharides - Sugars

    • Carbohydrates are a quick energy source (sugars) and store energy (starches).
    • They also provide structural support (cellulose in plant cell walls, glycogen).
    • Carbohydrate molecules are composed of oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon.
    • The ratio of elements is 1:2:1 (C:H:O).
    • The general formula is (CH₂O)ₙ.
    • Examples include glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆).

    Types of Carbohydrates

    • Carbohydrates are classified as simple or complex.
    • Simple carbohydrates include monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose) and disaccharides (maltose, lactose, sucrose).
    • Complex carbohydrates include polysaccharides (starches, fibers, glycogen).

    Types of Carbohydrates (Detailed)

    • Complex Carbohydrates:
      • Grains (oats, rice, bread, noodles)
      • Starchy vegetables (potatoes, sweet potatoes, yams)
    • Simple Carbohydrates:
      • Sugars (white, brown, rock sugar, gula melaka, syrup, honey)
      • All types of fruits
      • Desserts and sweets
    • Fiber:
      • Whole grains
      • Nuts
      • Legumes
      • Milk (full-cream, low-fat, skimmed milk)

    Monosaccharides

    • Monosaccharides are single-unit sugars (monomers).
    • Glucose, fructose, and galactose are common examples.
    • Glucose exists in both a chain and a ring structure.
    • These isomers are different structural arrangements of the same chemical formula.

    Ring Structure of Monosaccharides

    • A carbon atom with one OH and two H groups forms a side chain
    • A ring of atoms, mostly carbon, excluding one oxygen atom.
    • Carbon atoms in the ring that do not have a side chain are attached to an H and OH group.
    • Ribose (5-carbon) is a pentose and glucose (6-carbon) is a hexose.

    Glucose

    • Glucose is soluble in plasma and is a stable molecule for energy storage.
    • It's stored as glycogen or starch.
    • It is a substrate for cellular respiration.

    Disaccharides

    • Disaccharides are formed by combining two monosaccharides through condensation reactions.
    • glucose + glucose → maltose + H₂O
    • glucose + galactose → lactose + H₂O
    • glucose + fructose → sucrose + H₂O

    Maltose

    • Maltose is formed from two glucose molecules bonded together with an α-1,4-glycosidic bond.

    Lactose

    • Lactose is formed from glucose and galactose with a β-1,4-glycosidic bond.

    Sucrose

    • Sucrose is made from glucose and fructose joined by a glycosidic bond.

    Polysaccharides

    • Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates formed from chains of simple sugars.
    • Cellulose, glycogen, and starch are examples.
    • Cellulose is an important structural component in plant cell walls with an unbranched structure.
    • Starch is a storage form of glucose in plants.
    • Glycogen is a storage form of glucose in animals.

    Starch

    • Starch is a polymer of α-glucose.
    • It exists in two forms: amylose (unbranched) and amylopectin (branched).
    • Amylopectin has 1,6 linkages, making it branched.
    • Plants use starch to store glucose.

    Glycogen

    • Glycogen is a branched polymer of α-glucose similar to amylopectin.
    • It's a primary glucose storage form in animals.
    • Mammals store glucose in the form of glycogen in the liver and muscle cells.

    Glycoproteins

    • Glycoproteins are polypeptides with attached carbohydrates, components of plasma membranes.
    • They are crucial for cell-cell recognition.
    • ABO antigens on red blood cells are examples.

    Lipids-Fats

    • Lipids are key components of cell membranes.
    • They're made of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen.
    • Lipids are insoluble in water (hydrophobic) but dissolve in non-polar solvents.
    • Types include triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids.

    Triglycerides

    • Triglycerides are formed from three fatty acids and one glycerol molecule.
    • Fats and oils are triglycerides.
    • They're useful for energy storage.

    Fatty Acids

    • Fatty Acids contain a long hydrocarbon chain and a carboxyl group. This group is a COOH.
    • Important feature of a fatty acid

    Glycerol

    • Glycerol is a three-carbon chain molecule with three hydroxyl groups (-OH) bonded to it.

    Types of Fatty Acids

    • Saturated Fatty Acids: All carbon atoms in the chains are linked by single covalent bonds.
    • Unsaturated Fatty Acids: Contain one or more double bonds between carbon atoms; can be monounsaturated (one double bond) or polyunsaturated (two or more double bonds).
      • Cis unsaturated: Hydrogens are on the same side of the double bond
      • Trans unsaturated: Hydrogens are on the opposite side of the double bond.

    Phospholipids

    • Similar to triglycerides, but with one phosphate group replacing a fatty acid.
    • They have a polar hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails.
    • Major components of cell membranes.

    Steroids

    • Steroids have a unique four-ring structure.
    • Cholesterol, progesterone, estrogen, and testosterone are examples.

    Lipids and Health

    • Fats and oils (lipids) and glycogen are important energy stores.
    • Plants store energy as starch or oil in their seeds.
    • In humans, glycogen is stored in the liver and muscles. Fat is stored in adipose tissue..
    • Lipids release more energy per gram than carbohydrates.
    • Trans fats are often industrially produced and are now banned in many places.
    • A high intake of saturated fatty acids has been correlated with heart disease although this relationship is complex and some studies show no correlation between saturated fat and heart disease.

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    Description

    Este cuestionario explora las características y tipos de carbohidratos, incluyendo azúcares simples y complejos. Aprenderás sobre su composición química, fuentes alimenticias y su clasificación. Ideal para estudiantes de nutrición y biología.

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