Podcast
Questions and Answers
What does the trade-off theory suggest about capital structure?
What does the trade-off theory suggest about capital structure?
- High levels of uncertainty lead to an optimal structure.
- Optimal capital structure is achieved when the benefits of debt equal its risks. (correct)
- Companies should only use equity financing.
- It advocates for the complete exclusion of debt.
Which capital structure theory emphasizes the order of financing from retained earnings to equity?
Which capital structure theory emphasizes the order of financing from retained earnings to equity?
- Pecking order theory (correct)
- Market timing theory
- Trade-off theory
- Agency cost theory
What is a major limitation in capital structure analysis mentioned in the content?
What is a major limitation in capital structure analysis mentioned in the content?
- It is easy to determine the universal optimal structure.
- Estimating future revenue streams is straightforward.
- Cost of capital estimation can be inaccurate. (correct)
- Debt levels have no impact on agency costs.
How do high levels of debt affect agency costs according to agency cost theory?
How do high levels of debt affect agency costs according to agency cost theory?
Which of the following is considered a factor that complicates the application of theoretical models to capital structure?
Which of the following is considered a factor that complicates the application of theoretical models to capital structure?
What primarily impacts a company's profitability, risk, and value?
What primarily impacts a company's profitability, risk, and value?
Which factor typically leads riskier businesses to maintain a lower level of debt?
Which factor typically leads riskier businesses to maintain a lower level of debt?
How does the Modigliani-Miller theorem view the relationship between firm value and capital structure in a perfect market?
How does the Modigliani-Miller theorem view the relationship between firm value and capital structure in a perfect market?
What is the common purpose of using the Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC)?
What is the common purpose of using the Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC)?
What does an optimal capital structure aim to achieve?
What does an optimal capital structure aim to achieve?
Which of the following affects a company's preferred capital structure within its industry?
Which of the following affects a company's preferred capital structure within its industry?
What is one significant advantage of using debt in a company's capital structure?
What is one significant advantage of using debt in a company's capital structure?
Which of the following components is NOT typically part of a company's capital structure?
Which of the following components is NOT typically part of a company's capital structure?
Flashcards
Capital Structure
Capital Structure
A company's capital structure seeks a balance between debt and equity, aiming to maximize value by minimizing the cost of capital.
Trade-off Theory
Trade-off Theory
This theory suggests that firms aim to minimize their cost of capital by finding the sweet spot where the tax benefits of debt are balanced by the increased risk.
Pecking Order Theory
Pecking Order Theory
Firms prioritize funding sources in a specific order, preferring retained earnings first, followed by debt, and lastly, new equity.
Agency Cost Theory
Agency Cost Theory
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Limitations of Capital Structure Analysis
Limitations of Capital Structure Analysis
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Business Risk
Business Risk
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Financial Risk
Financial Risk
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Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC)
Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC)
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Optimal Capital Structure
Optimal Capital Structure
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Modigliani-Miller Theorem
Modigliani-Miller Theorem
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Tax Shield
Tax Shield
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Agency Costs
Agency Costs
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Study Notes
Definition and Components
- Capital structure is the mix of debt and equity used to fund a company's assets.
- It significantly impacts profitability, risk, and value.
- Common components are debt (loans, bonds) and equity (common stock, preferred stock).
- Convertible debt and preferred stock are less common.
Factors Influencing Capital Structure
- Business risk: Higher risk companies use less debt to avoid financial distress.
- Financial risk: High operational risk companies might use more debt for potentially higher return on equity.
- Tax considerations: Interest payments on debt are tax deductible, creating a tax shield for shareholders.
- Agency costs: More debt increases the chance of managers prioritizing short-term gains over shareholder value.
- Signaling theory: Companies signal their capital structure quality, affecting capital markets.
- Market conditions: Capital availability impacts debt and equity costs.
- Company size and growth stage: Larger companies often access debt markets easier. Growth companies may rely more on equity.
- Industry norms: Similar industries have comparable capital structures.
- Legal constraints: Regulations may restrict capital structure choices in specific industries.
Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC)
- WACC is the average cost of all a company's capital sources.
- It represents the overall cost of funding assets.
- WACC is a crucial metric for capital budgeting and evaluating a firm's financial health.
- WACC is key to determining a firm's return on invested capital (ROIC).
Optimal Capital Structure
- The optimal capital structure minimizes WACC.
- This leads to the highest possible firm value.
- No single optimal structure exists for all companies.
- Factors like market conditions, business risk and more affect the optimal capital structure.
Modigliani-Miller Theorem
- The MM theorem (full version) suggests firm value in a perfect market is independent of capital structure.
- This doesn't consider real-world factors like bankruptcy costs and taxes.
Capital Structure Theories
- Trade-off theory: Optimal capital structure occurs when the benefits of debt (tax shield) equal the costs (increased financial risk).
- Pecking order theory: Companies prefer financing with retained earnings, then debt, lastly new equity.
- Agency cost theory: Higher debt increases agency costs because managers may prioritize short-term gains over long-term value.
Limitations of Capital Structure Analysis
- Precise cost of capital estimation is difficult.
- Optimal capital structure determination is complex with numerous, uncertain factors.
- Real-world applications of theoretical models can be complicated by transaction costs, information asymmetry, and agency costs.
Practical Implications
- Capital structure decisions have significant long-term consequences.
- Managers consider company financials, market expectations, and future prospects when choosing a capital structure.
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