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What effect does increased metabolism have on interstitial concentration of chemical signals?
What effect does increased metabolism have on interstitial concentration of chemical signals?
Metabolic control of blood flow is a local mechanism that matches blood flow to metabolic rate.
Metabolic control of blood flow is a local mechanism that matches blood flow to metabolic rate.
True
What initiates vasodilation in a tissue?
What initiates vasodilation in a tissue?
Accumulation of metabolic products and lack of oxygen
Increased blood flow results in the rapid delivery of __________ to tissue cells.
Increased blood flow results in the rapid delivery of __________ to tissue cells.
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Match the process with its result:
Match the process with its result:
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What happens to vascular resistance when arterioles dilate?
What happens to vascular resistance when arterioles dilate?
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Which type of substances can readily diffuse through capillary walls?
Which type of substances can readily diffuse through capillary walls?
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Lipid-insoluble substances can diffuse directly through cell membranes.
Lipid-insoluble substances can diffuse directly through cell membranes.
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The mechanism of blood flow control uses positive feedback to match tissue needs.
The mechanism of blood flow control uses positive feedback to match tissue needs.
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As tissues become more active metabolically, blood flow is __________ to regulate metabolite concentration.
As tissues become more active metabolically, blood flow is __________ to regulate metabolite concentration.
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What is the primary route for the delivery of plasma proteins into the interstitial fluid?
What is the primary route for the delivery of plasma proteins into the interstitial fluid?
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Lipid-insoluble substances pass through the capillary walls via the ______.
Lipid-insoluble substances pass through the capillary walls via the ______.
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Which of the following substances can easily diffuse through endothelial cell membranes?
Which of the following substances can easily diffuse through endothelial cell membranes?
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Match the type of substance with its ability to diffuse through capillary walls:
Match the type of substance with its ability to diffuse through capillary walls:
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Continuous capillaries have large pores that allow blood cells to pass through.
Continuous capillaries have large pores that allow blood cells to pass through.
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What process involves the invagination of the capillary endothelial cell membrane to form vesicles?
What process involves the invagination of the capillary endothelial cell membrane to form vesicles?
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What factor is NOT mentioned as increasing filtration of water out of capillaries?
What factor is NOT mentioned as increasing filtration of water out of capillaries?
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A higher capillary hydrostatic pressure always favors reabsorption of water into the capillaries.
A higher capillary hydrostatic pressure always favors reabsorption of water into the capillaries.
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What term is used to describe the combination of hydrostatic and oncotic forces affecting water movement?
What term is used to describe the combination of hydrostatic and oncotic forces affecting water movement?
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The equation that quantifies the interaction of hydrostatic and oncotic forces is called the _______.
The equation that quantifies the interaction of hydrostatic and oncotic forces is called the _______.
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Which of the following actions can decrease the osmotic tendency for water to be reabsorbed?
Which of the following actions can decrease the osmotic tendency for water to be reabsorbed?
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A decrease in arteriolar resistance can result in a higher capillary hydrostatic pressure.
A decrease in arteriolar resistance can result in a higher capillary hydrostatic pressure.
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What is the diameter range of the water-filled channels formed by endocytotic and exocytotic vesicles through endothelial cells?
What is the diameter range of the water-filled channels formed by endocytotic and exocytotic vesicles through endothelial cells?
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What is the primary effect of increased central venous pressure on capillary filtration?
What is the primary effect of increased central venous pressure on capillary filtration?
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Match the following changes to their effect on capillary filtration:
Match the following changes to their effect on capillary filtration:
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Fick's Law of Diffusion states that diffusion proceeds from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration.
Fick's Law of Diffusion states that diffusion proceeds from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration.
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What are the primary factors affecting the rate of diffusional exchange between capillary blood and interstitial fluid?
What are the primary factors affecting the rate of diffusional exchange between capillary blood and interstitial fluid?
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The rate of diffusion of a substance depends on the concentration difference, the area available for diffusion, and the distance __________ must occur.
The rate of diffusion of a substance depends on the concentration difference, the area available for diffusion, and the distance __________ must occur.
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Match the following factors with their corresponding definitions in Fick's Law of Diffusion:
Match the following factors with their corresponding definitions in Fick's Law of Diffusion:
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Which type of substances can pass through the water-filled channels created by endocytotic and exocytotic vesicles?
Which type of substances can pass through the water-filled channels created by endocytotic and exocytotic vesicles?
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Where are the water-filled channels formed from endocytosis and exocytosis typically found?
Where are the water-filled channels formed from endocytosis and exocytosis typically found?
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The size of the capillary pores directly impacts the rate of diffusion.
The size of the capillary pores directly impacts the rate of diffusion.
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When is blood flow through the coronary circulation highest?
When is blood flow through the coronary circulation highest?
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Mechanical compression does not significantly affect blood flow through the right coronary vessels during systole.
Mechanical compression does not significantly affect blood flow through the right coronary vessels during systole.
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What happens to left coronary blood flow during systole?
What happens to left coronary blood flow during systole?
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During ____, coronary vascular resistance decreases dramatically, allowing increased blood flow.
During ____, coronary vascular resistance decreases dramatically, allowing increased blood flow.
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Match the following terms with their definitions.
Match the following terms with their definitions.
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What is the effect of increased heart rate and cardiac contractility during exercise on blood flow?
What is the effect of increased heart rate and cardiac contractility during exercise on blood flow?
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High coronary resistance occurs during diastole, making blood flow easier.
High coronary resistance occurs during diastole, making blood flow easier.
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Why do healthy coronary vessels suffice to supply blood flow even during maximal exercise?
Why do healthy coronary vessels suffice to supply blood flow even during maximal exercise?
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Study Notes
Lipid-soluble Substance Diffusion
- Small, lipid-soluble substances (e.g., oxygen, carbon dioxide, fatty acids, ethanol, hormones) readily dissolve and diffuse through cell membranes of capillary endothelial cells
Lipid-insoluble Substance Diffusion
- Lipid-insoluble substances (e.g., ions, glucose, amino acids) cannot dissolve in cell membranes and require pores or clefts between endothelial cells for passage
Capillary Wall Features
- Continuous capillaries: endothelial cells form a continuous tube with tiny, water-filled pores (4 nm) between cells
- Allows passage of water and small solutes
- Plasma proteins and blood cells are too large to pass
- Transcytosis: three-step process for moving plasma proteins into interstitial fluid
- Pinocytosis: invagination of capillary endothelial cell membrane forms a vesicle containing plasma, including proteins
- Vesicles cross the endothelial cell to the interstitial fluid side
- Exocytosis: vesicles fuse with membrane and release contents into interstitial space
- Fenestrated capillaries: have larger pores (50-80 nm) with fine diaphragms
- Allow passage of both lipid- soluble and -insoluble substances
- Found in areas with high fluid and solute exchange (e.g., gastrointestinal tract, endocrine glands)
Fick's Law of Diffusion
- Rate of diffusion of a substance (S) depends on:
- Concentration difference: between capillary and interstitial fluid; drives diffusion from high to low concentration
- Area available for diffusion: total capillary surface area for lipid-soluble substances, only pore area for lipid-insoluble
- Distance of diffusion (Δx): from tissue cell to nearest capillary; greater distance slows diffusion
- Metabolism: increased metabolism increases diffusion rate due to higher demand and lower interstitial concentration
Metabolic Control of Blood Flow
- Low oxygen and high concentrations of metabolic products (e.g., K+) in tissues cause arteriole dilation, leading to:
- Decreased vascular resistance
- Increased blood flow
- Relaxation of precapillary sphincters, opening more capillaries for better diffusion
- Decreased diffusion distance between capillaries and cells
- Increased capillary surface area for exchange
- Results in faster delivery of oxygen and nutrients and removal of waste products
- Mechanism involves negative feedback:
- Accumulation of metabolic products and oxygen depletion trigger vasodilation, increasing blood flow
- Increased blood flow removes accumulated products and delivers oxygen, restoring balance
Starling Forces
- Balance of hydrostatic and oncotic pressures affecting water movement across capillary walls
- Hydrostatic pressure pushes water out of capillaries
- Oncotic pressure pulls water into capillaries
- Net pressure is typically small (1 mmHg), indicating near balance
- Slight tendency for filtration
- Starling equation accounts for water movement: water movement = Kf (filtration coefficient) x (hydrostatic pressure - oncotic pressure)
Changes Affecting Starling Forces and Filtration
- Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure (Pc) leads to greater filtration:
- Increased arterial pressure
- Decreased arteriolar resistance (dilation)
- Increased venous pressure
- Mechanical compression of veins (e.g., in skeletal muscle)
- Mechanical compression can reduce blood flow despite higher perfusion pressure:
- Left coronary vessels experience high resistance during systole due to ventricular muscle squeezing
- Right coronary flow is less affected during systole because the right ventricle contracts less strongly
- Adequate time during diastole allows for sufficient coronary blood flow in resting conditions
- Exercise increases metabolic demands and heart rate, reducing diastole time
- Healthy coronary vessels still provide sufficient blood flow during maximal exercise
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Description
This quiz explores the diffusion of lipid-soluble and lipid-insoluble substances across capillary membranes. It covers the features of capillary walls, including continuous capillaries and the process of transcytosis. Test your understanding of these vital biological processes related to membrane permeability.