Podcast
Questions and Answers
What percentage of the animal's weight is transferred to the thoracic limbs when standing?
What percentage of the animal's weight is transferred to the thoracic limbs when standing?
- 40%
- 60% (correct)
- 70%
- 50%
What is the primary function of the forelimb in the canine?
What is the primary function of the forelimb in the canine?
- Support (correct)
- Balance
- Propulsion
- Steering
Which muscles are responsible for transferring the weight of the head, neck, and trunk to the forelimb?
Which muscles are responsible for transferring the weight of the head, neck, and trunk to the forelimb?
- Serratus ventralis and pectoral (correct)
- Latissimus dorsi and deep pectoral
- Brachiocephalicus and omotransversarius
- Trapezius and rhomboideus
What is the term for the extrinsic muscles that attach the forelimb to the trunk?
What is the term for the extrinsic muscles that attach the forelimb to the trunk?
What happens when the limb is weight-bearing?
What happens when the limb is weight-bearing?
What is the example of the deep pectoral muscle's action in the lecture?
What is the example of the deep pectoral muscle's action in the lecture?
What type of joint is the glenohumeral joint?
What type of joint is the glenohumeral joint?
Which muscle is responsible for flexing the glenohumeral joint?
Which muscle is responsible for flexing the glenohumeral joint?
Which of the following muscles helps to prevent medial rotation of the glenohumeral joint?
Which of the following muscles helps to prevent medial rotation of the glenohumeral joint?
What is the name of the bursa located between the Infraspinatus muscle and the scapula?
What is the name of the bursa located between the Infraspinatus muscle and the scapula?
Which radiographic view is best for visualizing the scapular spine and the supraglenoid tubercle?
Which radiographic view is best for visualizing the scapular spine and the supraglenoid tubercle?
What is the role of the Teres minor muscle in the glenohumeral joint?
What is the role of the Teres minor muscle in the glenohumeral joint?
Which joint provides the greatest range of motion in the carpus?
Which joint provides the greatest range of motion in the carpus?
What is the function of the palmar carpal ligament?
What is the function of the palmar carpal ligament?
Which of the following bones forms the lateral border of the carpal canal?
Which of the following bones forms the lateral border of the carpal canal?
What is the role of the carpal canal?
What is the role of the carpal canal?
How many joints make up the carpus?
How many joints make up the carpus?
What is the movement of the distal phalanges when the claws are retracted?
What is the movement of the distal phalanges when the claws are retracted?
What is the origin of the extensors of the carpus and digits?
What is the origin of the extensors of the carpus and digits?
What is the function of the flexor manica?
What is the function of the flexor manica?
What is the insertion point of the bifurcated tendon?
What is the insertion point of the bifurcated tendon?
What is the role of the common digital extensor?
What is the role of the common digital extensor?
What is the function of the flexor carpi radialis?
What is the function of the flexor carpi radialis?
What is the purpose of the flexor manica 'sleeve'?
What is the purpose of the flexor manica 'sleeve'?
What is the purpose of the palmar annular ligament in the digits?
What is the purpose of the palmar annular ligament in the digits?
Which ligament is responsible for attaching the middle phalanx to the distal phalanx in the digits?
Which ligament is responsible for attaching the middle phalanx to the distal phalanx in the digits?
In cats, what is the function of the dorsal (elastic) ligaments in the digits?
In cats, what is the function of the dorsal (elastic) ligaments in the digits?
What is the name of the muscle responsible for protracting the claw in cats?
What is the name of the muscle responsible for protracting the claw in cats?
What is the name of the pad located on the wrist in the manus?
What is the name of the pad located on the wrist in the manus?
What is the name of the view that shows the palmar surface of the manus bones?
What is the name of the view that shows the palmar surface of the manus bones?
What type of joint is the elbow joint classified as?
What type of joint is the elbow joint classified as?
Which muscle has a long head that acts on both the shoulder and elbow joints?
Which muscle has a long head that acts on both the shoulder and elbow joints?
Which process fits into the olecranon fossa during extension of the elbow joint?
Which process fits into the olecranon fossa during extension of the elbow joint?
What is the function of the triceps mm. in the forelimb?
What is the function of the triceps mm. in the forelimb?
Which of the following bones articulates only with the head of the radius?
Which of the following bones articulates only with the head of the radius?
What type of ligaments are present in the elbow joint?
What type of ligaments are present in the elbow joint?
What is the function of the biceps brachii muscle?
What is the function of the biceps brachii muscle?
What type of muscles are the brachialis and biceps brachii?
What type of muscles are the brachialis and biceps brachii?
What type of joint is the glenohumeral joint classified as?
What type of joint is the glenohumeral joint classified as?
What is the function of the pronator teres and pronator quadratus muscles?
What is the function of the pronator teres and pronator quadratus muscles?
Which muscle helps to prevent medial rotation of the glenohumeral joint?
Which muscle helps to prevent medial rotation of the glenohumeral joint?
What is the relationship between the triceps brachii and biceps brachii muscles?
What is the relationship between the triceps brachii and biceps brachii muscles?
What is the primary movement allowed by the joints of the canine manus?
What is the primary movement allowed by the joints of the canine manus?
What is unique about the ligaments in the glenohumeral joint?
What is unique about the ligaments in the glenohumeral joint?
What is the purpose of the transverse humeral retinaculum?
What is the purpose of the transverse humeral retinaculum?
Which muscle is responsible for extending the glenohumeral joint?
Which muscle is responsible for extending the glenohumeral joint?
What is the name of the bursa located between the Infraspinatus muscle and the scapula?
What is the name of the bursa located between the Infraspinatus muscle and the scapula?
Which radiographic view is best for visualizing the scapular spine and the supraglenoid tubercle?
Which radiographic view is best for visualizing the scapular spine and the supraglenoid tubercle?
What is the origin of the flexors of the carpus and digits?
What is the origin of the flexors of the carpus and digits?
What is the function of the Flexor manica 'sleeve'?
What is the function of the Flexor manica 'sleeve'?
What is the role of the Extensor carpi radialis?
What is the role of the Extensor carpi radialis?
What is the insertion point of the bifurcated tendon?
What is the insertion point of the bifurcated tendon?
What is the function of the Flexor carpi radialis?
What is the function of the Flexor carpi radialis?
What is the role of the Palmar carpal ligament?
What is the role of the Palmar carpal ligament?
What is the function of the palmar annular ligament in the digits?
What is the function of the palmar annular ligament in the digits?
In the digits, which ligament is responsible for attaching the middle phalanx to the distal phalanx?
In the digits, which ligament is responsible for attaching the middle phalanx to the distal phalanx?
What is the function of the dorsal (elastic) ligaments in the digits of cats?
What is the function of the dorsal (elastic) ligaments in the digits of cats?
What is the name of the muscle responsible for protracting the claw in cats?
What is the name of the muscle responsible for protracting the claw in cats?
What is the name of the pad located on the wrist in the manus?
What is the name of the pad located on the wrist in the manus?
What type of view shows the palmar surface of the manus bones?
What type of view shows the palmar surface of the manus bones?
What is the primary function of the serratus ventralis muscle in the canine thoracic limb?
What is the primary function of the serratus ventralis muscle in the canine thoracic limb?
What is the result of the extrinsic muscles of the thoracic limb contracting without weight-bearing on the limb?
What is the result of the extrinsic muscles of the thoracic limb contracting without weight-bearing on the limb?
What is the role of the trapezius muscle in the canine thoracic limb?
What is the role of the trapezius muscle in the canine thoracic limb?
What is the direction of movement of the head, neck, and trunk when the thoracic limb is weight-bearing?
What is the direction of movement of the head, neck, and trunk when the thoracic limb is weight-bearing?
What is the function of the deep pectoral muscle in the canine thoracic limb?
What is the function of the deep pectoral muscle in the canine thoracic limb?
What is the term for the muscles that attach the thoracic limb to the trunk in the canine?
What is the term for the muscles that attach the thoracic limb to the trunk in the canine?
What is the primary function of the glenohumeral joint?
What is the primary function of the glenohumeral joint?
Which muscles are responsible for stabilizing the glenohumeral joint?
Which muscles are responsible for stabilizing the glenohumeral joint?
What is the purpose of the subtendinous bursa of the Infraspinatus muscle?
What is the purpose of the subtendinous bursa of the Infraspinatus muscle?
What is the name of the ligament that connects the scapula to the humerus?
What is the name of the ligament that connects the scapula to the humerus?
What is the role of the Deltoideus muscle in the glenohumeral joint?
What is the role of the Deltoideus muscle in the glenohumeral joint?
What is the name of the radiographic view that shows the scapular spine and the supraglenoid tubercle?
What is the name of the radiographic view that shows the scapular spine and the supraglenoid tubercle?
What is the main function of the muscles acting on the elbow joint?
What is the main function of the muscles acting on the elbow joint?
What type of joint is the elbow joint?
What type of joint is the elbow joint?
Which muscle has a long head that acts on both the shoulder and elbow joints?
Which muscle has a long head that acts on both the shoulder and elbow joints?
What is the name of the process that fits into the olecranon fossa during extension of the elbow joint?
What is the name of the process that fits into the olecranon fossa during extension of the elbow joint?
What is the function of the tensor fasciae antebrachii muscle in the elbow joint?
What is the function of the tensor fasciae antebrachii muscle in the elbow joint?
Which bone articulates only with the head of the radius in the elbow joint?
Which bone articulates only with the head of the radius in the elbow joint?
What is the primary function of the biceps brachii muscle?
What is the primary function of the biceps brachii muscle?
What is the relationship between muscles that cross the same side of a joint?
What is the relationship between muscles that cross the same side of a joint?
What is the function of the pronator teres and pronator quadratus muscles?
What is the function of the pronator teres and pronator quadratus muscles?
What is the function of the transverse humeral retinaculum?
What is the function of the transverse humeral retinaculum?
What is the primary movement allowed by the joints of the canine manus?
What is the primary movement allowed by the joints of the canine manus?
What is the relationship between the triceps brachii and biceps brachii muscles?
What is the relationship between the triceps brachii and biceps brachii muscles?
How many joints make up the carpus in felines?
How many joints make up the carpus in felines?
What is the role of the palmar carpal ligament in the carpal joint?
What is the role of the palmar carpal ligament in the carpal joint?
What is the function of the carpal canal?
What is the function of the carpal canal?
What happens to the distal phalanges when the claws are retracted in felines?
What happens to the distal phalanges when the claws are retracted in felines?
Which bone forms the lateral border of the carpal canal in felines?
Which bone forms the lateral border of the carpal canal in felines?
Which joint provides the greatest range of motion in the carpus of felines?
Which joint provides the greatest range of motion in the carpus of felines?
Flashcards
Forelimb Function
Forelimb Function
Supports 60% of animal's weight during standing; front limb for support, hind limb for propulsion; transfers weight of head, neck, and trunk.
Shoulder Joint Type
Shoulder Joint Type
Ball and socket joint; lacks collateral ligaments, relying on muscles for stability.
Shoulder Joint Movement
Shoulder Joint Movement
Primary extension/flexion; some abduction/adduction; lateral and medial rotation.
Elbow Joint Type
Elbow Joint Type
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Elbow Joint Movement
Elbow Joint Movement
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Triceps Brachii Function
Triceps Brachii Function
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Extrinsic Thoracic Limb Muscles
Extrinsic Thoracic Limb Muscles
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Synergistic Muscles
Synergistic Muscles
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Antagonistic Muscles
Antagonistic Muscles
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Carpal Joint Complex
Carpal Joint Complex
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Pronation/Supination
Pronation/Supination
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Transverse Humeral Retinaculum
Transverse Humeral Retinaculum
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Study Notes
Forelimb
- The forelimb has a weight-bearing function, with 60% of the animal's weight transferred to the thoracic limbs when standing
- The front limb is for support, while the hindlimb is for propulsion
- The weight of the head, neck, and trunk transfers to the forelimb
- The forelimb is attached to the trunk via extrinsic muscles (synsarcosis)
Shoulder Joint
- Ball and socket joint
- No collateral ligaments, so muscle stabilization is needed
- Range of movements: primary - extension/flexion; also allows some abduction/adduction, lateral and medial rotation
- Head of humerus
- Joint capsule (cut open)
- Radiographs: shoulder joint
Muscles of Scapula and Shoulder
- Deltoideus
- Subtendinous bursa of Infraspinatus m
- Muscles working together to assist in weight bearing of the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint:
- Supraspinatus m. - extends and prevents medial rotation
- Deltoideus - flexes
- Infraspinatus m. - helps extension and prevents medial rotation
- Teres minor m. - only stabilizes (flexes and prevents rotation)
- Subscapularis m. - extends and prevents rotation
- Teres major m. - only stabilizes (flexes and prevents rotation)
- Coracobrachialis m. - extends
Elbow Joint
- Hinge joint
- One synovial cavity
- Strong collateral ligaments
- Very stable joint, congruent
- Allows flexion and extension only
- Anconeal process fits into the olecranon fossa during extension
- C=capitulum articulates only with head of radius
- T=trochlea articulates with both radius and ulna
Caudal (Cd.) mm. of Brachium: Elbow Extension
- Triceps brachii m.:
- Long head - acts on shoulder and elbow
- Lateral head - elbow only
- Medial head - elbow only (not visible)
- Accessory head - elbow only (not visible)
- Tensor fasciae antebrachii m. (not pictured)
- Anconeus (red arrows) m.
Extrinsic Muscles of the Thoracic Limb (TL)
- Originate on the head, neck, and/or trunk
- Insert on the Limb
- Movement occurs in both directions:
- If no body weight is placed on limb, the limb will move towards head/neck/trunk
- If limb is weight-bearing, then head/neck/trunk will move relative to the limb (which will stay fixed to the ground)
- Pictured: brachiocephalicus m (2, 2’); omotransversarius m. (3); trapezius m. (5, 5’); latissimus dorsi m. (7); deep pectoral m. (9)
Practice Photos
- Scapula
- Humerus
- Radius
- Ulna
- Sternum
- Deep pectoral m.
- Serratus ventralis m.
- Trapezius m.
- Rhomboideus m.### Elbow Flexors
- Biceps brachii muscle acts on shoulder and elbow joints.
- Brachialis muscle flexes the elbow joint.
- Biceps brachii and brachialis muscles work together to flex the elbow joint.
Transverse Humeral Retinaculum
- A structure that facilitates the movement of Biceps brachii and brachialis muscles.
Muscle Concepts
- Synergistic muscles: muscles that work together, crossing the same side of a joint (e.g., brachialis and biceps brachii).
- Antagonistic muscles: muscles that work against each other, crossing opposite sides of a joint (e.g., triceps brachii and biceps brachii).
Forearm and Hand
- Pronation vs supination of antebrachium (forearm): more developed in cats.
- Muscles involved in pronation and supination: pronator teres, pronator quadratus, and supinator.
Canine Manus (Forepaw)
- Joints of the canine manus allow flexion and extension, caused by two main muscle groups antagonistic to each other.
- Radiographs of the canine manus: dorsopalmar and lateral views (FIG. 16.10).
Carpus Joint Complex
- Consists of three joints: antebrachiocarpal, middle carpal, and carpometacarpal joints.
- Antebrachiocarpal joint provides the greatest range of motions and has a separate synovial cavity.
- Middle carpal and carpometacarpal joints have less motion, with their synovial cavities communicating.
Carpal Joints
- Clinical relevance: antebrachiocarpal joint is used for arthrocentesis, with possible pathology in distal radius.
- Carpal canal: a tunnel that protects tendons of superficial digital flexor and deep digital flexor muscles, bounded by the palmar carpal ligament, accessory carpal bone, and flexor retinaculum.
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Description
Learn about the anatomy of the canine forelimb, including its function, muscle attachments, and weight distribution. This quiz covers the importance of the forelimb in supporting the animal's head, neck, and trunk.
