Cancer Treatment using Oncolytic Viruses and Cytokines

What is the primary function of immune checkpoints in the immune system?

To stimulate the production of cytokines
To regulate self-tolerance and prevent autoimmune reactions (correct)
To enhance immune responses against cancer cells
To deliver antigens to T cells

What happens when checkpoint proteins bind to their partners on T cells and tumor cells?

Cancer cells are stimulated to grow
T cells are inhibited from attacking cancer cells (correct)
T cells are activated to attack cancer cells
Cytokine production is enhanced

What is the primary goal of immunotherapy in cancer treatment?

To interrupt signals that cause cancer cells to grow and divide
To block hormone signals that stimulate cancer growth
To deliver cell-killing substances to cancer cells
To help the immune system recognize and attack cancer cells (correct)

What is the role of monoclonal antibodies in immunotherapy?

To attach to cancer cells, making them visible to the immune system for destruction (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of checkpoint inhibitors?

Blocking the binding of checkpoint proteins with their partners (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cancers is NOT treated with checkpoint inhibitors?

Brain cancer (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of cancer vaccines in immunotherapy?

To stimulate the immune system to recognize tumor-specific antigens (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common side effect of checkpoint inhibitors?

Fatigue (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of cytokines in immunotherapy?

To regulate immune responses against cancer (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of immune checkpoint inhibitors in immunotherapy?

To block proteins that inhibit immune responses against cancer (B) Signup and view all the answers

What type of T-cell transfer therapy involves collecting T cells from the tumor itself?

Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TIL) Therapy (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of T-cell transfer therapy?

To enhance immune responses against cancer cells (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of adoptive T cell therapy in immunotherapy?

To infuse modified T cells to enhance immune activity against tumors (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is another name for T-cell transfer therapy?

Adoptive Cell Therapy (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for using biologically derived agents to modify the relationship between the tumor and the host?

Biological therapy (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the activation of immune cells to target tumors?

Activation (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of an oncolytic virus used in cancer treatment?

It infects and breaks down only cancer cells (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which cytokine has both growth-inhibitory and immunostimulatory effects?

Interleukin-12 (IL-12) (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a major challenge associated with cytokine-based therapies?

High systemic toxicity (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which cytokines are known to promote inflammation and tumor growth?

TNF and IL-1β (B) Signup and view all the answers

What was an outcome of early clinical research with recombinant cytokines?

Only modest efficacy in certain malignancies (C) Signup and view all the answers

How is oncolytic virus treatment different from traditional chemotherapy?

It selectively breaks down cancer cells (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which administration method is used for very early-stage skin cancer immunotherapy?

Topical (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common adverse event associated with high systemic effects of cytokines?

Vascular leakage syndrome (A) Signup and view all the answers