29 Questions
What is the role of genomic instability in cancer initiation and progression?
It plays an important role in cancer initiation and progression
What are driver mutations in cancer?
Genetic alterations that provide a growth advantage to cancer cells
What do passenger mutations refer to in the context of cancer?
Non-essential genetic alterations that do not directly contribute to cancer development
Which factor can contribute to genetic changes in cancer?
DNA Replication Errors, Age, Inherited and Acquired Mutations
How do BRCA1/BRCA2 mutations increase the risk of breast and ovarian cancers?
By impairing cell repair and causing uncontrolled cell growth
Which genetic mutations have a higher lifetime risk of breast cancer, according to the text?
BRCA1 mutations
What is the main focus of genomics?
Analyzing the genome of an organism
How is gene therapy used in treating diseases?
Introducing functional genes to correct genetic defects
What can affect oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and DNA repair genes?
Various changes in biological systems
In gene expression, what process leads to the synthesis of functional gene products?
Utilizing gene information to synthesize proteins or RNA molecules
What defines proteomics as a field of study?
Analyzing all proteins expressed by an organism
Which type of mutation does NOT affect the survival of the organism?
Neutral mutations
Which of the following is an example of a beneficial mutation?
Trichromatic color vision
What type of mutations offer an edge to an organism by boosting its fitness in a particular environment?
Beneficial mutations
What causes the clumping of hemoglobin molecules in sickle cell anemia?
Oxidative mutations
Which population has evolved genetic mutations for continuous lactase production in adulthood?
Population with lactose tolerance
What characterizes deleterious mutations in terms of the gene's protein product?
Produced and disrupting normal function
What is the main focus of secondary structure in proteins?
Local folded structures within a polypeptide
Which structural element is characterized by a flat, sheet-like arrangement of amino acid residues?
Beta-sheet
What type of interaction stabilizes a protein's structure by folding the polypeptide chain to minimize exposure to the surrounding watery environment?
Hydrophobic Interaction
Which type of bond stabilizes the tertiary structure of a protein chain by linking distant parts of the chain?
Disulfide Bridge
What is the role of hydrogen bonds in protein structure?
Stabilizing secondary structure elements
Which interaction stabilizes protein solubility and facilitates interactions with other molecules through hydrophilic interactions on the protein's surface?
Hydrophilic Interaction
What is the primary goal of surgery in cancer treatment?
To prevent further spread by removing the tumor and affected tissues
When is radiation therapy commonly used in cancer treatment?
Before surgery to shrink tumors
What is the main purpose of chemotherapy in cancer treatment?
To destroy cancer cells throughout the body
Which type of therapy specifically targets molecules involved in cancer growth?
Targeted therapy
In which type of cancer treatment is immunotherapy focused on?
Boosting the patient's immune system to fight cancer cells
When might chemotherapy be used as adjuvant therapy?
After surgery to kill any remaining cancer cells
Test your knowledge on different cancer treatment methods such as surgery and radiation therapy. Learn about the procedures involved in removing tumors and killing cancer cells to prevent further spread.
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