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What is the role of genomic instability in cancer initiation and progression?

It plays an important role in cancer initiation and progression (correct)

It has no role in cancer

It slows down cancer progression

It only affects cancer cells

What are driver mutations in cancer?

Genetic alterations that impair cell repair

Mutations found at lower frequencies in cancer cells

Genetic alterations that provide a growth advantage to cancer cells (correct)

Mutations that do not contribute to cancer development

What do passenger mutations refer to in the context of cancer?

Genetic alterations that drive cancer growth

Mutations found at higher frequencies in cancer cells

Genetic alterations that provide a growth advantage

Non-essential genetic alterations that do not directly contribute to cancer development (correct)

Which factor can contribute to genetic changes in cancer?

DNA Replication Errors, Age, Inherited and Acquired Mutations Signup and view all the answers

How do BRCA1/BRCA2 mutations increase the risk of breast and ovarian cancers?

By impairing cell repair and causing uncontrolled cell growth Signup and view all the answers

Which genetic mutations have a higher lifetime risk of breast cancer, according to the text?

BRCA1 mutations Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of genomics?

Analyzing the genome of an organism Signup and view all the answers

How is gene therapy used in treating diseases?

Introducing functional genes to correct genetic defects Signup and view all the answers

What can affect oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and DNA repair genes?

Various changes in biological systems Signup and view all the answers

In gene expression, what process leads to the synthesis of functional gene products?

Utilizing gene information to synthesize proteins or RNA molecules Signup and view all the answers

What defines proteomics as a field of study?

Analyzing all proteins expressed by an organism Signup and view all the answers

Which type of mutation does NOT affect the survival of the organism?

Neutral mutations Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a beneficial mutation?

Trichromatic color vision Signup and view all the answers

What type of mutations offer an edge to an organism by boosting its fitness in a particular environment?

Beneficial mutations Signup and view all the answers

What causes the clumping of hemoglobin molecules in sickle cell anemia?

Oxidative mutations Signup and view all the answers

Which population has evolved genetic mutations for continuous lactase production in adulthood?

Population with lactose tolerance Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes deleterious mutations in terms of the gene's protein product?

Produced and disrupting normal function Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of secondary structure in proteins?

Local folded structures within a polypeptide Signup and view all the answers

Which structural element is characterized by a flat, sheet-like arrangement of amino acid residues?

Beta-sheet Signup and view all the answers

What type of interaction stabilizes a protein's structure by folding the polypeptide chain to minimize exposure to the surrounding watery environment?

Hydrophobic Interaction Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bond stabilizes the tertiary structure of a protein chain by linking distant parts of the chain?

Disulfide Bridge Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of hydrogen bonds in protein structure?

Stabilizing secondary structure elements Signup and view all the answers

Which interaction stabilizes protein solubility and facilitates interactions with other molecules through hydrophilic interactions on the protein's surface?

Hydrophilic Interaction Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of surgery in cancer treatment?

To prevent further spread by removing the tumor and affected tissues Signup and view all the answers

When is radiation therapy commonly used in cancer treatment?

Before surgery to shrink tumors Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of chemotherapy in cancer treatment?

To destroy cancer cells throughout the body Signup and view all the answers

Which type of therapy specifically targets molecules involved in cancer growth?

Targeted therapy Signup and view all the answers

In which type of cancer treatment is immunotherapy focused on?

Boosting the patient's immune system to fight cancer cells Signup and view all the answers

When might chemotherapy be used as adjuvant therapy?

After surgery to kill any remaining cancer cells Signup and view all the answers