Cancer Statistics and Risk Factors
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Questions and Answers

Match the following types of cancer with their primary risk factors:

Lung and bronchus = Smoking, pollution, and asbestos Prostate = Hormones Breast = Hormones Colon and rectum = Smoking

Match the following types of cancer with their corresponding gender:

Prostate = Male Breast = Female Lung and bronchus = Both Colon and rectum = Both

Match the following types of cancer with their corresponding order of mortality:

Lung and bronchus = 1st in males, 2nd in females Prostate = 2nd in males Breast = 1st in females Colon and rectum = 3rd in both males and females

What percentage of all cancer deaths is attributed to tobacco usage?

<p>30%</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age is the median age of cancer diagnosis?

<p>67 years old</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of cancers are inherited-type cancers?

<p>5-10%</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of estrogen-replacement treatment in post-menopausal women?

<p>Prevention of heart disease, stroke, and dementia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are older cells less capable of repairing themselves?

<p>Due to a combination of greater exposure to carcinogens and a weakened immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

By quitting smoking, a person can decrease their risk of cancer-related mortality by what percentage?

<p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of primary prevention strategies for cancer?

<p>Exposure reduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a risk factor for liver cancer?

<p>HepB&amp;C</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the PAP smear?

<p>To detect cervical cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a result of high alcohol consumption?

<p>Increased risk of mouth, larynx, esophagus, and liver cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of antioxidants in cancer prevention?

<p>They repair cellular damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Gardasil vaccine?

<p>To prevent cervical cancer caused by HPV-16 and HPV-18</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary risk factor for cervical cancer?

<p>HPV</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of physical inactivity?

<p>Increased risk of cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of immunologic factors in cancer risk?

<p>They increase cancer risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of community education programs in cancer prevention?

<p>To educate the public about cancer risk factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended age range for women to start screening with a mammogram every year?

<p>45-54</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who should consider screening with MRI and mammograms starting at age 30?

<p>Women at high risk for breast cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a recommended frequency for mammograms for women 55 and older?

<p>Every other year</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended duration for breast cancer screening?

<p>As long as a woman is in good health and is expected to live at least 10 more years</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an important aspect of breast cancer screening for women at average risk?

<p>Familiarity with how their breasts normally look and feel</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who should decide when to start screening with MRI and mammograms for high-risk women?

<p>A healthcare provider, taking into account the woman's personal circumstances and preferences</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended age range for yearly screening for lung cancer with a low-dose CT scan?

<p>50 to 80</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a tumor that develops during the blastula embryonic phase?

<p>Blastoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the TNM classification system?

<p>To guide treatment and provide prognostic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the examination of a tumor for cellular maturity and characteristics?

<p>Grading</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a tumor marker that is used to detect prostate cancer?

<p>PSA</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of biopsy in cancer diagnosis?

<p>To examine the tumor under a microscope</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the type of tumor that originates from epithelial cells?

<p>Carcinoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the change in bowel or bladder habits that is a warning sign of cancer?

<p>U</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the grade of cancer that is characterized by cells that are very abnormal and poorly differentiated?

<p>Grade III</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who should get a primary HPV test every 5 years?

<p>People between the ages of 25 and 65</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the spread of cancer from the primary site to other parts of the body?

<p>Metastasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age should men start talking to a healthcare provider about the pros and cons of prostate cancer testing?

<p>Age 50</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended screening schedule for people with a history of a serious cervical pre-cancer?

<p>Continue testing for at least 25 years after diagnosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is at a higher risk for colorectal cancer and should talk to a doctor about a different testing schedule?

<p>People who are at moderate or high risk for colorectal cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended age to start screening for colorectal cancer?

<p>Age 45</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a recommended screening test for colorectal cancer?

<p>Flexible sigmoidoscopy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who should not be tested for cervical cancer?

<p>People under age 25</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended age to start screening for breast cancer?

<p>Age 40</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a risk factor for breast cancer?

<p>Family history of breast cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the screening guidelines for the early detection of cancer?

<p>To diagnose cancer at an early stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary principle behind immunotherapy in cancer treatment?

<p>Boosting the body's immune response to fight cancer cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the common characteristic of the five categories of immunotherapy?

<p>They are all used to stimulate or restore the immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of using immunotherapy as a cancer treatment?

<p>It can be used to boost the body's natural immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between immunotherapy and biotherapy?

<p>Immunotherapy is a type of biotherapy that uses the immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of biotherapy in cancer treatment?

<p>To stimulate the immune system to fight cancer cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main limitation of immunotherapy as a cancer treatment?

<p>It is very expensive and has many side effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Interferon in biotherapy?

<p>To activate natural killer cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common side effect of Interleukin in biotherapy?

<p>Flu-like symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of injecting a radioactive isotope in or around the tumor site prior to surgery?

<p>To determine the location of the sentinel node</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Hematopoietic Growth Factors in biotherapy?

<p>To stimulate the development of blood cell components</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Monoclonal Antibodies in biotherapy?

<p>To detect tumors</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of determining the maximum treatment dose of radiation in radiotherapy?

<p>To give as much radiation as possible without damaging other tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Mohs surgery in cancer treatment?

<p>To remove a very small margin of the cancer area and examine it under a microscope</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of Phase I clinical trials in biotherapy?

<p>To find the highest dose of the new treatment that can be given safely without serious side effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Bone Marrow and Stem Cell Transplantation in cancer treatment?

<p>To treat leukemia and lymphoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary risk of radiotherapy on certain tissues?

<p>Bone marrow, skin, hair, and nails, GI tract, and reproductive organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of simulation in patient preparation for external radiotherapy?

<p>To determine the target area</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of surgical margins in cancer surgery?

<p>To remove any possible microscopic particles of disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of lymph node dissection in cancer surgery?

<p>To determine if cancer has spread to the lymph nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of pre-operative radiation in cancer treatment?

<p>It eradicates microscopic disease that may be present outside the surgical field</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of sentinal lymph node dissection in cancer surgery?

<p>To detect the presence of spread of the disease through the lymphatics</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a lymphoscintigram in cancer treatment?

<p>To determine the location of the sentinel node</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of adjuvant therapy in cancer treatment?

<p>To support chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and/or biotherapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of patient education in cancer treatment?

<p>To educate patients on the cancer process and indications for use of biotherapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of sentinel node biopsy in cancer treatment?

<p>To determine if the cancer has spread to the lymph system</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of radiosensitivity in cancer treatment?

<p>To determine the susceptibility of injury to cells by radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

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