Cancer Statistics and Risk Factors

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Match the following types of cancer with their primary risk factors:

Lung and bronchus = Smoking, pollution, and asbestos Prostate = Hormones Breast = Hormones Colon and rectum = Smoking

Match the following types of cancer with their corresponding gender:

Prostate = Male Breast = Female Lung and bronchus = Both Colon and rectum = Both

Match the following types of cancer with their corresponding order of mortality:

Lung and bronchus = 1st in males, 2nd in females Prostate = 2nd in males Breast = 1st in females Colon and rectum = 3rd in both males and females

What percentage of all cancer deaths is attributed to tobacco usage?

30% (A) Signup and view all the answers

At what age is the median age of cancer diagnosis?

67 years old (D) Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of cancers are inherited-type cancers?

5-10% (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of estrogen-replacement treatment in post-menopausal women?

Prevention of heart disease, stroke, and dementia (D) Signup and view all the answers

Why are older cells less capable of repairing themselves?

Due to a combination of greater exposure to carcinogens and a weakened immune response (D) Signup and view all the answers

By quitting smoking, a person can decrease their risk of cancer-related mortality by what percentage?

50% (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of primary prevention strategies for cancer?

Exposure reduction (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a risk factor for liver cancer?

HepB&C (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the PAP smear?

To detect cervical cancer (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a result of high alcohol consumption?

Increased risk of mouth, larynx, esophagus, and liver cancer (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of antioxidants in cancer prevention?

They repair cellular damage (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Gardasil vaccine?

To prevent cervical cancer caused by HPV-16 and HPV-18 (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary risk factor for cervical cancer?

HPV (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of physical inactivity?

Increased risk of cancer (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of immunologic factors in cancer risk?

They increase cancer risk (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of community education programs in cancer prevention?

To educate the public about cancer risk factors (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended age range for women to start screening with a mammogram every year?

45-54 (B) Signup and view all the answers

Who should consider screening with MRI and mammograms starting at age 30?

Women at high risk for breast cancer (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a recommended frequency for mammograms for women 55 and older?

Every other year (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended duration for breast cancer screening?

As long as a woman is in good health and is expected to live at least 10 more years (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is an important aspect of breast cancer screening for women at average risk?

Familiarity with how their breasts normally look and feel (B) Signup and view all the answers

Who should decide when to start screening with MRI and mammograms for high-risk women?

A healthcare provider, taking into account the woman's personal circumstances and preferences (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended age range for yearly screening for lung cancer with a low-dose CT scan?

50 to 80 (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a tumor that develops during the blastula embryonic phase?

Blastoma (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the TNM classification system?

To guide treatment and provide prognostic information (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the examination of a tumor for cellular maturity and characteristics?

Grading (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a tumor marker that is used to detect prostate cancer?

PSA (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of biopsy in cancer diagnosis?

To examine the tumor under a microscope (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the type of tumor that originates from epithelial cells?

Carcinoma (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the change in bowel or bladder habits that is a warning sign of cancer?

U (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the grade of cancer that is characterized by cells that are very abnormal and poorly differentiated?

Grade III (C) Signup and view all the answers

Who should get a primary HPV test every 5 years?

People between the ages of 25 and 65 (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the spread of cancer from the primary site to other parts of the body?

Metastasis (C) Signup and view all the answers

At what age should men start talking to a healthcare provider about the pros and cons of prostate cancer testing?

Age 50 (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended screening schedule for people with a history of a serious cervical pre-cancer?

Continue testing for at least 25 years after diagnosis (B) Signup and view all the answers

Who is at a higher risk for colorectal cancer and should talk to a doctor about a different testing schedule?

People who are at moderate or high risk for colorectal cancer (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended age to start screening for colorectal cancer?

Age 45 (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a recommended screening test for colorectal cancer?

Flexible sigmoidoscopy (B) Signup and view all the answers

Who should not be tested for cervical cancer?

People under age 25 (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended age to start screening for breast cancer?

Age 40 (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a risk factor for breast cancer?

Family history of breast cancer (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the screening guidelines for the early detection of cancer?

To diagnose cancer at an early stage (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary principle behind immunotherapy in cancer treatment?

Boosting the body's immune response to fight cancer cells (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the common characteristic of the five categories of immunotherapy?

They are all used to stimulate or restore the immune system (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of using immunotherapy as a cancer treatment?

It can be used to boost the body's natural immune response (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between immunotherapy and biotherapy?

Immunotherapy is a type of biotherapy that uses the immune system (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of biotherapy in cancer treatment?

To stimulate the immune system to fight cancer cells (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main limitation of immunotherapy as a cancer treatment?

It is very expensive and has many side effects (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Interferon in biotherapy?

To activate natural killer cells (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common side effect of Interleukin in biotherapy?

Flu-like symptoms (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of injecting a radioactive isotope in or around the tumor site prior to surgery?

To determine the location of the sentinel node (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Hematopoietic Growth Factors in biotherapy?

To stimulate the development of blood cell components (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Monoclonal Antibodies in biotherapy?

To detect tumors (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of determining the maximum treatment dose of radiation in radiotherapy?

To give as much radiation as possible without damaging other tissues (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Mohs surgery in cancer treatment?

To remove a very small margin of the cancer area and examine it under a microscope (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of Phase I clinical trials in biotherapy?

To find the highest dose of the new treatment that can be given safely without serious side effects (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Bone Marrow and Stem Cell Transplantation in cancer treatment?

To treat leukemia and lymphoma (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary risk of radiotherapy on certain tissues?

Bone marrow, skin, hair, and nails, GI tract, and reproductive organs (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of simulation in patient preparation for external radiotherapy?

To determine the target area (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of surgical margins in cancer surgery?

To remove any possible microscopic particles of disease (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of lymph node dissection in cancer surgery?

To determine if cancer has spread to the lymph nodes (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of pre-operative radiation in cancer treatment?

It eradicates microscopic disease that may be present outside the surgical field (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of sentinal lymph node dissection in cancer surgery?

To detect the presence of spread of the disease through the lymphatics (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a lymphoscintigram in cancer treatment?

To determine the location of the sentinel node (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of adjuvant therapy in cancer treatment?

To support chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and/or biotherapy (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of patient education in cancer treatment?

To educate patients on the cancer process and indications for use of biotherapy (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of sentinel node biopsy in cancer treatment?

To determine if the cancer has spread to the lymph system (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of radiosensitivity in cancer treatment?

To determine the susceptibility of injury to cells by radiation (A) Signup and view all the answers