McCance 13 - M 11.2 - Cancer Prevention and Risk Factors

• Cancer arises from a complicated and interacting web of multiple etiologies.
• Avoiding high-risk behaviors and exposure to individual carcinogens, or cancer-causing substances helps prevent many types of cancer.
• Estimates are as high as 80% to 90% for smoking-related cancers, such as lung and oropharyngeal cancer.
• Lifestyle behaviors, dietary and environmental factors, and occupational exposure contribute to cancer cases and deaths.

Factors Contributing to Cancer Development

• Lifestyle choices, such as smoking, alcohol use, and nutrition.
• Lack of physical exercise and overweight/obesity.
• Infections and sexual practices.
• Environmental conditions, air pollution, sunlight, and radiation.
• Workplace exposures and involuntary or unknown exposures.
• Prescribed and illicit medications.
• Socioeconomic factors, and carcinogenic substances.
• 100 chemicals, occupations, physical agents, and biologic agents are classified as carcinogenic to humans.

Genetics, Epigenetics, and Tissue

• Cancers are caused by environmental-lifestyle and genetic factors.
• Critical cancer genes include oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes.
• Neoplastic cells undergo transitions between multiple phenotypic states.
• Interacting factors that influence cancer risk include detoxifying enzymes, DNA repair genes, immune/inflammation systems, and cell's environment.
• Biologic environment surrounding cells includes metabolic and hormonal factors.
• Chronic inflammation induced by bacteria, viruses, autoimmune processes, and toxins promotes common types of cancer.
• Cancer development in the presence of chronic inflammation involves cytokines, chemokines, reactive oxygen species, oncogenes, cyclooxgenase-2, 5-lipoxygenase, matrix metalloproteinases, and nuclear factor kB.

Incidence and Mortality Trends

• Cancer is reported to become a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the coming decades in all regions of the world.
• An estimated 14.1 million new cancer cases and 8.2 million cancer deaths were reported worldwide in 2012.
• Decreases in incidence, including colorectal, lung, bronchus, prostate, stomach, larynx, bladder, and brain cancers for men.
• Decreases in colorectal, cervix, lung and bronchus, bladder, ovary, and stomach cancers for women.
• Liver cancer incidence rates were higher among people born between 1945 and 1965 due to higher rates of hepatitis C virus infection.
• Alcohol overuse contributes to about 8% to 16% of liver cancer deaths.
• Deaths caused by liver cancer increased at the highest rate of all reported cancer sites.

In Utero and Early Life Conditions

• Developmental plasticity is the degree to which an organism's development is contingent on its environment.
• Hypothesis postulates that nutrition and other environmental factors affect cellular pathways during gestation.
• Persistent epigenetic adaptations that occur early in development are associated with increased susceptibility to cancer.
• The placenta plays a major role in controlling growth and development.

Environmental-Lifestyle Factors

• Cigarette smoking is carcinogenic and remains the most important cause of cancer and death from cancer.
• 40 million adults in the United States still smoke cigarettes.
• Cigarette smoking results in more than 480,000 deaths per year, or 1 of every 5 deaths.
• Smoking affects nearly every organ of the body. Since 1964, more than 20 million Americans have died because of smoking.
• Cigars have the same toxic and carcinogenic compounds found in cigarettes but are not a safe alternative to cigarettes.
• Regular cigar smoking is associated with increased risk for cancers of the lung, esophagus, larynx, and oral cavity.
• Hookahs are water pipes to smoke specialized tobacco that often involves the same health risks as cigarette smoking.
• E-cigs deliver a vapor (aerosol) of nicotine, flavorings, and chemicals.

Diet

• Understanding dietary factors that increase the risk is difficult.
• Cancer risks in older adults may depend as much on diet in early life as on current eating practices.
• There is nutritional factors in many processes related to cancer development.

Nutrition, Obesity, Alcohol Consumption and Physical Activity Impacts

• What people eat, how much they weigh, and how much they move influence their risks of developing cancer.
• Small changes in the developmental environment can alter phenotypic changes, resulting in individual responses in adulthood.
• Lifestyle habits are modifiable, and changing them reduced cancer risk and help cancer prevention.

Nutrition

• Small changes in the developmental environment resulting in individual responses in adulthood.
• The effects of epigenetic modifcations during development may need long latency periods.
• Epigenetic effectts help explain transgenerational effects.

Mediterranean Diet

_Meta-analaysis of mortality rates with a reduction of mortality rates for chronic illnesses.

• Consuming high consumers of fruits and vegetables leads to a higher consumption.
• A significant reduction to the risk of overall cancer is evaluated with 11 cohort studies.
• The anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-matagenetic and antiproliferative are all properties of biological actions.
• Recent meta-analyses have shown inconsistent results.

Whole Grain

• Inversely associated developing colorectal cancer.
• Dietary fiber is associated with reducing insulin resistance.
• Decrease transit time and the impact from potential carcinogenic.

Obesity Associated Cancers

• Liver, andvanced Prostate, overian Cancer.
• The overian the more high of a risk.

Alcohol Consumption

• Contributory role to cancers.
• Alcohol increases the risk of cancer or mouth, and post menopausal breast cancer.
• no "safe limit" if intake, the affect is of from ethanal regardless of the drink.

Physical Activity

• Regular exercises decrease the risk of breast, colon and endmatrical cancer due to weight change.
• Reduced mortality of heart disease is a result as well.

Air Pollution

• Incresed mortality and morbidity causes shortening life expectancy from cardiovascular, respiratory disease causes cancer.
• Identified as air pollution and long-term exposure.
• Caused 4. 2 Million deaths and 103: 1 million lost healthy.
• Lung cancer due to partivulate metter and ultrafine with easy obsorbtion and inflammatory factors.
• Other health problems are premature death and heart attack

Ionizing Radiation

• knowledge form Hiroshma and Nagasaki tombic booms
• Medical reasons or occupational reasons.
• Increase frequencies from thyroid breast carconomas.
• Age affects radiation induced at time.

Dietary Effects

• A chemical, which all over process of life.
• An animal factor for effects of over long periods.
• A new look and new ways, and low affects.

Nontargeted Effects

• Alter genetic changes and DNA level for cell and nucleus .

Ultraviolent Radiation

• Sunlights from tanning lamps can result.
• Uva and uvb from UV radiation, UVa more present on planet.

Electromagnetic Radiation

• From microwaves , radio stations, home appliances.
• 1 m1 for magnitutde and more and affect large portions