Cancer Overview and Related Concepts
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Questions and Answers

What is cancer?

A group of disorders characterized by abnormal cell proliferation.

What is carcinogenesis?

Process of transforming normal cells into malignant cells.

What are carcinogens?

Chemicals, physical factors, and other agents that cause cancer.

What is chemotherapy?

<p>The use of medications to kill tumor cells by interfering with cellular functions and reproduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are cytokines?

<p>Messenger substances that may be released by a cell to create an action at that site.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is extravasation?

<p>Leakage of intravenous medication from veins into the subcutaneous tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is grading in cancer?

<p>Identification of the type of tissue from which the tumor originated and the degree to which the tumor cells retain the functional and structural characteristics of the tissue of origin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)?

<p>An immune response initiated by T lymphocytes of donor tissue against the recipient’s tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is immunotherapy?

<p>The use of medications or other agents to stimulate or suppress components of the immune system to kill cancer cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is metastasis?

<p>Spread of cancer cells from primary tumor to distant sites.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is mucositis?

<p>Inflammation of the lining of the mouth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is brachytherapy?

<p>Delivery of radiation therapy through internal implants placed inside or adjacent to the tumor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes benign tumors?

<p>Not cancerous and may grow but cannot spread.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of staging in cancer?

<p>To assess the extent of disease, including tumor size and spread.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cancer

  • A group of disorders characterized by abnormal cell proliferation
  • Can involve any organ system
  • Treatments can have multisystem effects

Carcinogenesis

  • Process of transforming normal cells into malignant cells

Carcinogens

  • Chemicals, physical factors, and agents that cause cancer

Chemotherapy

  • Use of medications to kill tumor cells by interfering with cellular functions and reproduction

Cytokines

  • Messenger substances released by a cell to create an action at that site
  • Synonyms: Biochemical mediators, inflammatory mediations

Extravasation

  • Leakage of intravenous medication from veins into the subcutaneous tissues

Grading

  • Identification of the type of tissue from which the tumor originated
  • Assesses the degree to which the tumor cells retain the functional and structural characteristics of the tissue of origin

Graft-Versus-Host Disease (GVHD)

  • Immune response initiated by T lymphocytes of donor tissue against the recipient’s tissues
  • An undesirable response

Graft-Versus-Tumor Effect

  • Donor immune cell response against the malignancy
  • A desirable response

Immunotherapy

  • Use of medications or other agents to stimulate or suppress components of the immune system to kill cancer cells
  • E.g Ipilimumab (Yervoy), Nivolumab (Opdivo)

Malignant

  • Having cells or processes that are characteristic of cancer
  • Cancerous

Metastasis

  • Spread of cancer cells from primary tumor to distant sites

Mucositis

  • Inflammation of the lining of the mouth

Alopecia

  • Hair loss

Anaplasia

  • Pattern of growth in which cells lack normal characteristics and differ in shape and organization
  • Anaplastic cells are malignant

Angiogenesis

  • Growth of new blood vessels that allow cancer cells to grow

Apoptosis

  • Normal cell mechanism of programmed cell death

Benign

  • Not cancerous
  • May grow but are unable to spread to other organs or body parts

Brachytherapy

  • Delivery of radiation therapy through internal implants placed inside or adjacent to the tumor

Palliative Care

  • Relief of symptoms and promotion of comfort and quality of life

Precision Medicine

  • Using advances in research, technology, and policies to develop individualized plans of care to prevent and treat disease

Radiation Therapy

  • Use of ionizing radiation to kill malignant cells

Staging

  • Process of determining the extent of disease, including tumor size and spread or metastasis to distant sites

Stomatitis

  • Inflammation of the mouth lining

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Description

This quiz covers essential aspects of cancer, including its characteristics, processes like carcinogenesis, and the role of carcinogens. It also explores treatment options such as chemotherapy, the biological responses involved, and complications like graft-versus-host disease. Test your knowledge on these critical topics in oncology.

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