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Questions and Answers
What is cancer?
A group of disorders characterized by abnormal cell proliferation.
What is carcinogenesis?
Process of transforming normal cells into malignant cells.
What are carcinogens?
Chemicals, physical factors, and other agents that cause cancer.
What is chemotherapy?
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What are cytokines?
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What is extravasation?
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What is grading in cancer?
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What is graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)?
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What is immunotherapy?
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What is metastasis?
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What is mucositis?
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What is brachytherapy?
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Which of the following describes benign tumors?
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What is the purpose of staging in cancer?
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Study Notes
Cancer
- A group of disorders characterized by abnormal cell proliferation
- Can involve any organ system
- Treatments can have multisystem effects
Carcinogenesis
- Process of transforming normal cells into malignant cells
Carcinogens
- Chemicals, physical factors, and agents that cause cancer
Chemotherapy
- Use of medications to kill tumor cells by interfering with cellular functions and reproduction
Cytokines
- Messenger substances released by a cell to create an action at that site
- Synonyms: Biochemical mediators, inflammatory mediations
Extravasation
- Leakage of intravenous medication from veins into the subcutaneous tissues
Grading
- Identification of the type of tissue from which the tumor originated
- Assesses the degree to which the tumor cells retain the functional and structural characteristics of the tissue of origin
Graft-Versus-Host Disease (GVHD)
- Immune response initiated by T lymphocytes of donor tissue against the recipient’s tissues
- An undesirable response
Graft-Versus-Tumor Effect
- Donor immune cell response against the malignancy
- A desirable response
Immunotherapy
- Use of medications or other agents to stimulate or suppress components of the immune system to kill cancer cells
- E.g Ipilimumab (Yervoy), Nivolumab (Opdivo)
Malignant
- Having cells or processes that are characteristic of cancer
- Cancerous
Metastasis
- Spread of cancer cells from primary tumor to distant sites
Mucositis
- Inflammation of the lining of the mouth
Alopecia
- Hair loss
Anaplasia
- Pattern of growth in which cells lack normal characteristics and differ in shape and organization
- Anaplastic cells are malignant
Angiogenesis
- Growth of new blood vessels that allow cancer cells to grow
Apoptosis
- Normal cell mechanism of programmed cell death
Benign
- Not cancerous
- May grow but are unable to spread to other organs or body parts
Brachytherapy
- Delivery of radiation therapy through internal implants placed inside or adjacent to the tumor
Palliative Care
- Relief of symptoms and promotion of comfort and quality of life
Precision Medicine
- Using advances in research, technology, and policies to develop individualized plans of care to prevent and treat disease
Radiation Therapy
- Use of ionizing radiation to kill malignant cells
Staging
- Process of determining the extent of disease, including tumor size and spread or metastasis to distant sites
Stomatitis
- Inflammation of the mouth lining
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Description
This quiz covers essential aspects of cancer, including its characteristics, processes like carcinogenesis, and the role of carcinogens. It also explores treatment options such as chemotherapy, the biological responses involved, and complications like graft-versus-host disease. Test your knowledge on these critical topics in oncology.