30 Questions
What type of mutations are responsible for progressing the growth of cancer?
Driver mutations
What creates genetic diversity within cancer cells?
Clonal evolution
According to the cancer stem cell model, which subset of cells has tumorigenic potential?
Subset of cells
In the context of cancer development, what is the key function of Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs)?
Differentiation
What is the term for mutational events that do not benefit the cancer's growth?
Passenger mutations
What type of evolution leads to all cells in the dominant population(s) having tumorigenic potential?
Clonal evolution
What is the therapeutic mechanism of inhibiting self-renewal in acute myeloid leukemia?
mTOR Rapamycin
Which pathway is targeted to inhibit self-renewal in tumors using Gamma-secretase inhibitors?
NOTCH pathway
In the context of genetic heterogeneity, what plays a significant role in immunotherapy against tumors?
MHC and NK ligands
How can drug resistance be reversed in tumors according to the text?
IL-4 IL-4R antagonists
Which factor is involved in niche targeting to inhibit self-renewal in tumors?
VEGF Bevacizumab
What is the role of MUC1 on colorectal cancer stem cells according to the provided text?
Enhancing genetic heterogeneity
What is one method mentioned in the text to target cancer stem cells residing next to vasculature?
Disrupting the tumour vasculature
In the context of cancer vaccines, which type of vaccine is Provenge specifically considered to be?
Therapeutic
Which characteristic is associated with Pancreatic CSCs according to the text?
High EpCAM expression
What is the role of MT110, the bispecific antibody discussed in the text?
Redirecting cytotoxic T lymphocytes
What represents a method discussed in the text to improve the destruction of residual CSCs after debulking?
Dendritic cellbased vaccine
In the context of cancer research mentioned in the text, what does H-TPDC stand for?
Heterogeneous tumour-dendritic cell
What is a major limitation of the gold standard transplantation assay for identifying cancer stem cells?
It does not indicate whether the cells are necessary for growth/maintenance of the primary tumor
What is the term used to describe the event where a huge amount of tumor mutations develops at early tumourigenesis?
Big bang theory
What is a characteristic of the cancer stem cell hierarchy in acute myeloid leukemia?
Only some populations are tumourigenic
What is a consequence of genetic heterogeneity in tumors?
Development of drug resistance
What is a possible outcome of phenotypic heterogeneity in tumors?
Heterogeneity of secondary tumour cells
What is a limitation of the transplantation assay in identifying cancer stem cells?
It can be affected by the use of immunocompromised mice
What is the primary reason for the variability in cancer survival rates?
Phenotypic heterogeneity
Which of the following is a major problem in cancer treatment?
Therapeutic resistance
What contributes to the heterogeneity of cancer cells?
Different molecular subtypes
What is a consequence of cancer heterogeneity?
Some cancer cells may be resistant to drugs
What is the relationship between genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity?
Genetic heterogeneity leads to phenotypic heterogeneity
What can be seen as a collection of rare genetic diseases?
Cancer
Explore how cancer heterogeneity and genetic diversity arise due to different cells of origin, mutations, clonal evolution, and the distinction between driver and passenger mutations in cancer progression.
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