Cancer Heterogeneity and Genetic Diversity
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Questions and Answers

What type of mutations are responsible for progressing the growth of cancer?

  • Beneficial mutations
  • Phenotypic mutations
  • Driver mutations (correct)
  • Passenger mutations

What creates genetic diversity within cancer cells?

  • Clonal evolution (correct)
  • Phenotypic variations
  • Driver mutations
  • Differentiation process

According to the cancer stem cell model, which subset of cells has tumorigenic potential?

  • Cancer stem cells
  • Cells in the dominant population
  • Subset of cells (correct)
  • All cells

In the context of cancer development, what is the key function of Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs)?

<p>Differentiation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for mutational events that do not benefit the cancer's growth?

<p>Passenger mutations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of evolution leads to all cells in the dominant population(s) having tumorigenic potential?

<p>Clonal evolution (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the therapeutic mechanism of inhibiting self-renewal in acute myeloid leukemia?

<p>mTOR Rapamycin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pathway is targeted to inhibit self-renewal in tumors using Gamma-secretase inhibitors?

<p>NOTCH pathway (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of genetic heterogeneity, what plays a significant role in immunotherapy against tumors?

<p>MHC and NK ligands (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can drug resistance be reversed in tumors according to the text?

<p>IL-4 IL-4R antagonists (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is involved in niche targeting to inhibit self-renewal in tumors?

<p>VEGF Bevacizumab (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of MUC1 on colorectal cancer stem cells according to the provided text?

<p>Enhancing genetic heterogeneity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one method mentioned in the text to target cancer stem cells residing next to vasculature?

<p>Disrupting the tumour vasculature (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of cancer vaccines, which type of vaccine is Provenge specifically considered to be?

<p>Therapeutic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is associated with Pancreatic CSCs according to the text?

<p>High EpCAM expression (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of MT110, the bispecific antibody discussed in the text?

<p>Redirecting cytotoxic T lymphocytes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What represents a method discussed in the text to improve the destruction of residual CSCs after debulking?

<p>Dendritic cellbased vaccine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of cancer research mentioned in the text, what does H-TPDC stand for?

<p>Heterogeneous tumour-dendritic cell (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major limitation of the gold standard transplantation assay for identifying cancer stem cells?

<p>It does not indicate whether the cells are necessary for growth/maintenance of the primary tumor (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the event where a huge amount of tumor mutations develops at early tumourigenesis?

<p>Big bang theory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the cancer stem cell hierarchy in acute myeloid leukemia?

<p>Only some populations are tumourigenic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of genetic heterogeneity in tumors?

<p>Development of drug resistance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible outcome of phenotypic heterogeneity in tumors?

<p>Heterogeneity of secondary tumour cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation of the transplantation assay in identifying cancer stem cells?

<p>It can be affected by the use of immunocompromised mice (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the variability in cancer survival rates?

<p>Phenotypic heterogeneity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a major problem in cancer treatment?

<p>Therapeutic resistance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to the heterogeneity of cancer cells?

<p>Different molecular subtypes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of cancer heterogeneity?

<p>Some cancer cells may be resistant to drugs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity?

<p>Genetic heterogeneity leads to phenotypic heterogeneity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be seen as a collection of rare genetic diseases?

<p>Cancer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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