Cancer Development and Neoplastic Growth Quiz

ADULT 2 Medical Surgical Nursing Department 2024

• Course covers care of surgical patients (perioperative nursing), nurses' management of patients with various conditions (cancer, gastrointestinal, fluid/electrolyte imbalance, urological, endocrine, musculoskeletal disorders), preoperative teaching, ambulatory and emergency surgeries, preoperative care, surgical procedures, and postoperative care.
• The course aims to develop a highly skilled and knowledgeable nursing staff in medical-surgical nursing, capable of providing comprehensive care to patients during the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative phases of surgery.

Care of Surgical Patients (Perioperative Nursing)

• Learning objectives include preparation of patients (physically, emotionally, psychosocially) for surgery, identification of high-risk patients and reasons for risk, planning patient/family education, comparison of scrub and circulating nurse roles, analysis of anesthesia types, preoperative patient assessment, preoperative checklist development, documentation of preoperative care, understanding perioperative care, and risk management in perioperative care.
• Surgery is the use of instruments during an operation to treat injuries, diseases, and deformities. Perioperative nursing encompasses the care of patients before, during, and after surgery.
• Surgical procedures are categorized by body part involved and the action performed during the procedure.
• Surgery is performed for various reasons, including preventative (removal of precancerous tissue), diagnostic (tissue sampling to identify condition), curative (removal of diseased tissue), and cosmetic.

Degrees of Risk of Surgery

• Minor procedures involve a lower risk and are often completed with local anesthesia. Major procedures are more extensive and have a higher risk.

Bloodless Surgery

• Techniques minimize blood loss and maximize blood volume to support function.
• Epoetin alfa (Epogen) may be given before surgery to stimulate red blood cell production.
• Hypotension or hypothermia may be induced during surgery.

Ambulatory Surgery

• Outpatient procedures that do not require an overnight hospital stay, or a short-stay admission (<24 hours).
• Clients admitted to ambulatory surgery need to meet specific criteria, with the procedure being non-extensive and the client having minimal or no coexisting illnesses.

Emergency Surgery

• Unplanned procedures that require immediate attention to save a life.
• Emergency procedures have a condensed preparation time.

Perioperative Surgical Phases

• The course covers pre-, intra-, and post-operative phases surrounding surgery.
• Preoperative phase encompasses all the preparations leading up to surgery.
• Intraoperative activities occur during the surgical procedure.
• Postoperative care is delivered after surgery.

Factors Influencing Surgical Outcomes

• Conditions like diabetes mellitus and other chronic illnesses may impact a patient's response to surgery and their surgical outcomes.
• Advanced age and very young patients may present unique challenges in perioperative care.
• Dehydration, malnutrition, obesity, and use of specific medications may affect wound healing and recovery.

Preoperative Teaching

• This section details the key information communicated to patients preoperatively
• Includes discussions about procedures, expectations, procedures used during the operation (e.g., incisions, equipment), postoperative care, pain management, and where and when the patient will be observed.

Preoperative Data Collection and Assessment

• Subjective data collection includes demographic information, medical history, surgical history, allergies, medication use, smoking/alcohol history, and coping mechanisms.
• This section encompasses vital signs, height, weight, emotional status, and a review of the patient's body systems.
• The care team assesses the client's body systems (neurological, skin, respiratory, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and musculoskeletal) and any history relevant to the procedure.

Intraoperative Care

• The surgical team's roles and responsibilities
• Setting the theatre environment,
• Preparing instruments.
• Scrubbing-up procedure.

Anethesia

• Types of anesthetic (general, regional, local) and their purposes.
• Focuses on agents used to alter sensation to allow safe and painless surgical procedure.
• Includes procedures like monitoring, inducing and maintaining an appropriate level of anesthesia.

Postoperative Care

• Immediate postoperative assessment focuses on the patient's respiration, circulation, and consciousness
• The modified Aldrete Scale is an assessment method used to monitor patient recovery.

Nursing Interventions

• Post-operative nursing activities to address potential complications and support patient recovery.

Immediate Postoperative Initial Assessment

• The Aldrete Score assesses patient recovery based on their physical condition
• Monitors vital signs, breathing, circulation, and consciousness, with score of 9 or more indicating adequate recovery

Post-operative Discomfort

• Various forms of post-operative discomfort are addressed, with the appropriate nursing interventions (e.g., pain relief, positioning, and fluid management) provided based on the identified cause.

Preventing Postoperative Complications

• Methods to prevent various complications (e.g., atelectasis, pneumonia, urinary retention, deep vein thrombosis, wound infection, fluid imbalances, and hemorrhage).

Oncology Management

• Key topics in oncology, the study of cancer, and its management. This includes an overview of cancer development, prevention, and treatments,
• Discusses factors that may contribute to cancer growth (e.g. genetics, environment). Explains cancer types and characteristics, diagnosis, treatment, and management of patients.

Classification of Tumors

• Tumor classification is based on malignancy (malignant, benign)
• Provides information on how cancer cells behave
• Discusses the characteristic of malignant and benign tumors

Etiology of Cancer

• Discusses the biological factors related to the development of cancer
• Examines the role of viruses, bacteria, physical agents, chemical agents, and hormonal factors.

Risk Factors of Cancer

• A discussion of dietary, chemical, and physical risk factors related to cancer development.

Cancer Treatment

• Provides insights into different cancer treatment modalities, including surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, hyperthermia, and biological therapy.

Nursing Management of Patients with Gastrointestinal & Accessories Disorders

• Overview of the anatomy and physiology of gastrointestinal organs and their functions.
• Discusses common laboratory procedures.
• Common disorders (esophageal disorders, GERD, hiatal hernia, gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, appendicitis, irritable bowel syndrome, and others)
• Covers assessment, treatment, and nursing interventions for each disorder.
• Dietary measures for individuals with gastrointestinal issues
• Special considerations for clients pre-operatively

Anatomy and Physiology of Gastrointestinal System

• Describes the structures and functions of the gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs (e.g., oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, gallbladder).

General Nursing Goals for Preoperative Patients

• Mental, emotional, and physical well-being of patients for optimal perioperative care.

Preoperative Patient Assessment

• Details on the nursing assessment for patients who are about to undergo surgery
• Data gathered (history, physical assessment, and psychological profile), and factors considered (e.g., patient's medical history, allergies, and social status).
• Focuses on appropriate data collection for creating a patient's plan of care.

Pre- & Postoperative Procedures/ Interventions

• Detailed actions taken during and after various surgical operations on GI tract.

Pre- & Postoperative Checklists

• Lists of the variables the team must take before and after surgery for proper documentation in a variety of surgical procedures.
• Ensures that no detail is missed before and after surgery, and all checks and preparations are done before moving the client to the operating room.

Postoperative Care for GI surgeries

• Details on the follow-up care of patients undergoing different surgical procedures on the GI tract.

Management of Patients with Endocrine Disorders

• Overview of the endocrine system and its associated glands and hormones. Discusses the structure and function of specific glands/hormones
• Discusses various endocrine disorders and their pathophysiology, including common clinical manifestations, and treatment approaches.
• Provides a comprehensive list of important assessments and interventions tailored to meet the needs of patients with endocrine disorders.

Management of Patients with Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Imbalances

• Includes fluid compartments and how they interrelate, defining common terms related to fluid/electrolyte imbalances,
• Discussing causes, signs, symptoms, and treatments for common fluid/electrolyte imbalances. Emphasizes appropriate assessment and care for patients.

Pathophysiology of Diabetes Insipidus

• This section examines the pathophysiology of diabetes insipidus, detailing the role of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in urine regulation including the signs and symptoms of this disorder.
• Provides a summary of treatment approach for the disorder given the appropriate assessments, and an overview of complications.

Hypovolemic and Hypervolemic Shock

• Explains how fluid imbalances affect the body.
• Details the symptoms and causes of hypovolemia and hypervolemia, along with related treatments, and supportive interventions.

Hypocalcemia and Hypercalcemia, Hypokalemia, and Hyperkalemia

• This section discusses the causes, signs, symptoms, and treatment approaches for hypocalcemia and hypercalcemia, along with related treatment.
• Detailed information on the causes, signs, symptoms and treatment approaches for hypokalemia (low potassium), and hyperkalemia (high potassium).
• Includes details on the assessment and monitoring of the patient's level of electrolytes and the various interventions.

Management of Musculoskeletal Disorders

• Provides a detailed overview of the anatomy of the musculoskeletal system and the significance of assessing and diagnosing musculoskeletal disorders.
• Discusses different types of musculoskeletal disorders (arthritis, fractures, sprains, dislocations).

Amputation

• Provides a comprehensive overview of surgical amputations, their complications, and nursing management involving immediate and post-operative aspects of care
• Describes appropriate nursing interventions for promoting comfort, healing, and preventing complications (e.g., infections, pain).

Urinary Tract Infections

• Discusses lower and upper urinary tract infections, including symptoms, diagnostics, interventions and risk factors
• Covers pyelonephritis and other associated risk factors -Provides details about managing client care associated with various urinary tract disorders.

Disorders of the Gallbladder

• Includes information on the structure and function of the gallbladder, with a focus on the etiology, typical manifestations, and treatment of associated disorders (e.g., cholecystitis and cholelithiasis).
• Discusses the importance of proper assessment and management, including appropriate nursing interventions for client care associated with disorders of the gallbladder.

Renal Stones

• An overview of the causes, types (e.g., calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, uric acid and struvite), risk factors,
• Provides information about typical clinical manifestations, diagnostic procedures, and the treatment for this disorder.

Test your knowledge on factors influencing cancer development and neoplastic growth. This quiz covers aspects from environmental influences to medical procedures like colonoscopy. Explore how these elements interconnect in oncology.