Cancer Control in Cameroon Quiz

Disorders of Cell and Tissues

• Definition of terms used in Cells and Tissues disorders
• Epidemiology of major cancers, risk factors, screening, and prevention
• Description of Cells and Tissue Diseases
• Cancer, the major cancers, Anemia in cancer patients, bleeding, immune-deficient diseases, leukemia, hemophilia, sickle cell
• Description of the medical and surgical nursing of cells and tissue disorders
• Description of nursing care related to the disease, its evolution, treatment, reaction of the patient, and prevention of biological and psychological treatment complications
• Management of stress and pain, palliative care, and support to patients in terminal phase; description of the clinical pharmacology of Cells and Tissues Disorders (e.g., chemotherapy, anti-inflammatory analgesic opiates, steroids, clotting factors, plasma, platelets), mechanisms of action of Drugs and psychosocial support to patients

Cell Biology

• Definition of the cell (basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all living organisms)
• Structure of the cell (cytoplasm enclosed within a membrane, which contains many biomolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids. unicellular and multicellular organisms)
• The cell's role (instruction to make proteins and RNA, cell function, division, and death)

Tissues

• Classification of tissues (epithelial, connective, nerve, and muscle tissues)
• Functions of the various groups (epithelial for protection, connective for support, nerve for information networks, and muscle for contraction and movement)
• Types of muscle tissue (voluntary—striated, and involuntary—smooth, cardiac)
• Locations of Tissues (examples are skin and inner surfaces of the body, bone, cartilage, fatty tissue, etc.)

Organs

• Definition of organs (collection of tissues in a functional unit)
• Examples (heart, kidney, brain, lungs, etc.)

Semiology

• Cancer biology and treatment options
• Factors contributing to suffering (pain, depression, anxiety, fear, asthenia, blood filth, and fatigue)
• Clinical research and better treatments and management for better understanding of symptoms.

Pain in Cancer

• Types of pain (mechanical, treatment)
• Classification of pain (acute or long term)
• Symptoms of chronic pain (memory loss, attention difficulties, verbal inability, mentally inflexible, and slowed thinking).
• Pain reduction through better understanding, effective treatment and management

Depression in Cancer

• Definition of Depression (mood disorder with persistent sadness and loss of interest and/or activity)
• Symptoms of depression (Ongoing sad, hopeless, empty mood, Loss of interest, Major weight changes)
• Nursing interventions for depression in cancer patients (Encouraging treatment, promoting physical activity, providing transportation for treatment, offering support).

Anxiety and Fear in Cancer

• Defining Anxiety and Fear (Strong feelings of worry or fear interfering with daily life activity)
• Manifestations(Anxious facial expressions, uncontrolled worries, trouble solving problems)
• Important Considerations for anxiety and fear in cancer (fear of treatment, reoccurrence, rapid progress, or dying)
• Nursing interventions(Active listening, warmth, unconditional acceptance)

Infections in Cancer

• Risk factors (Bone marrow suppression, or decreased number of neutrophils)
• Signs of infection (fever above 100.5F(38C), chest pain, shortness of breath, confusion, severe headache with stiff neck, bloody/cloudy urine)
• Nursing intervention (Promote good handwashing, limit visitors, encourage personal care, place in reverse isolation, monitor temperature).

Asthenia and Anorexia-Cachexia

• Definition of Asthenia and Anorexia-Cachexia (Asthenia-state marked with extreme tiredness and/or reduced physical capacity, Anorexia-loss of appetite)
• Symptoms of Asthenia and Anorexia-Cachexia (weight loss)
• Causes of Asthenia and Anorexia-Cachexia (Metabolic changes, immune response to the tumor)
• Management of Asthenia and Anorexia-Cachexia
• Non-pharmacological support
• Psychological and social support

Cancer Biology

• Role of the immune system in cancer (Immune system's potential to distinguish normal from abnormal cells, malignant transformation. Immune response to tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) results from immunologic surveillance of lymphocytes. Immune cells detect and destroy abnormal cells).
• Risk factors for cancer (Active and passive smoking, Ionizing radiation, Alcohol consumption and other environmental factors, diet, chronic inflammation, hereditary factors).

Biology of Cancer

• Cancer encompasses a broad range of diseases that can arise in any cell of the body.
• Cancer begins in one cell or a small group of cells.
• Cancer cells grow and multiply too much and form a lump.
• Different types of cells (origin) may turn into different cancers.
• Types of tumors (benign, premalignant, and malignant) and their characteristics.
• Process of cell division that can lead to the formation of cancerous cells (initiation, promotion, and progression).
• Potential for cancer development and treatment (mutation, promotion, and progression)

Malignancy and Fever

• Fever from underlying malignancy.
• Mechanisms
• Pathophysiology of tumor induced fever (cytokines from tumor or infiltrating cells, necrosis of tumor tissue, obstruction of hollow ducts)
• Associated conditions (drug fever like antibiotics, chemotherapy drugs, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura).

Types of Major Cancers

• Basal cell carcinoma (Skin cancer)(often on exposed areas to sunlight)
• Squamous cell carcinoma (skin cancer)( can appear as a sores, red patches)
• Renal cell carcinoma (Kidney cancer).
• Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) (precancerous condition in breast).
• Invasive ductal carcinoma Breast cancer (invading fatty breast tissue)
• Adenocarcinoma (develop in glandular cells).
• Melanoma (cancer in the skin pigment producing cells)

Lymphoma

• Types of Lymphoma (Non-Hodgkin, Hodgkin)
• Causes of Lymphoma (Environmental factors, immune conditions, disorders, or genetics. Infection (viral, bacterial, parasitic) exposure to certain chemicals)

Leukemia

• Definition (a type of cancer affecting the blood cell, often in children)
• Types of Leukemia (acute and chronic)
• Causes of Leukemia (Genetic or environmental, radiation exposure, chemicals, certain viruses.)
• Treatment (chemotherapy, bone marrow or stem cell transplantation.)

Thrombocytopenia

• Definition (A reduced number of platelets)
• Causes (Immune-related disorders, infections or medications)
• Symptoms (Bleeding, bruising, heavy menstrual periods)
• Treatment (Corticosteroids, Immune Globulin, Platelet transfusions)

Hemophilia

• Definition (A genetic disorder in which the blood doesn’t clot normally).
• Signs and Symptoms (Unexplained and excessive bleeding, large bruises, unusual bleeding)
• Types (A and B)
• Treatment (Replacement of deficiency clotting factor, medications)

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

• Definition (an abnormal blood clotting process resulting from many small clots).
• Causes (Sepsis or other infections, malignancy, obstetrical complications).
• Management (Early diagnosis, supportive care, treating the underlying cause)

Hemoglobin disorders

• Anemia (low red blood cell count)
• Thalassemia (inherited blood disorder).
• Sickle cell anemia (inherited blood disorder.)

Nutrition For Erythropoiesis

• Role played by nutrients, and sources for adequate production of RBCs, and general cellular functions.

Palliative Care

• Definition & Principles
• Patient centered care, family centered, community centered
• Aims to relieve symptoms and improve quality of life
• Care is given during all stages of disease and treatment (includes various needs of patient, and family)
• Strategies for Stress Management (reducing stress levels, mindfulness (reflection), and positive social interaction and support.