Cancer Control in Cameroon Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the estimated percentage of patients who die after starting cancer treatment in Cameroon?

  • 40%
  • 10%
  • 20%
  • 30% (correct)

    • Which of these cancers is not included in the three (3) cancers with effective primary and secondary prevention strategies in Cameroon?

  • Cervical cancer
  • Liver cancer
  • Breast cancer
  • Lung cancer (correct)

    • What is the primary objective of the national strategic plan for cancer control in Cameroon?

  • To establish a national cancer institute
  • To reduce morbidity and mortality due to cancer (correct)
  • To increase access to anti-cancer drugs
  • To improve the infrastructure of treatment centers
  • To increase public awareness of cancer risks

    • What is the main goal of the primary prevention component of the strategic plan?

    <p>To reduce the incidence of cancer (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What specific actions are included in the primary prevention component of the strategic plan?

    <p>Implementing free HPV and HBV vaccination programs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach is being emphasized in the secondary prevention component of the strategic plan?

    <p>Early diagnosis through screening (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the planned National Cancer Institute (NCaI)?

    <p>To serve as a center of excellence for multidisciplinary cancer management (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the national strategy for cancer prevention considered inadequate?

    <p>It is not being implemented effectively (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the limited access to cancer treatment in Cameroon?

    <p>The high cost of cancer treatments and limited access to anti-cancer drugs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a modifiable risk factor for cancer, as mentioned in the content?

    <p>Smoking (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of genes in normal cell growth and reproduction?

    <p>Genes control the rate of cell division and ensure orderly growth. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a mutation in terms of cancer development?

    <p>A mutation is a change in the cell's genetic structure that can lead to uncontrolled growth. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the initiation stage in cancer development?

    <p>The initiation stage is where the first genetic changes occur in a normal cell. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a normal cell become a cancer cell?

    <p>A normal cell becomes a cancer cell by accumulating multiple mutations over time. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major obstacle hindering the effectiveness of cancer screening in Cameroon?

    <p>Lack of a national program for breast and cervical cancer screening. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these cities does not have a public hospital currently providing routine cervical cancer screening?

    <p>Garoua (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between mutations and apoptosis in cancer development?

    <p>Mutations can trigger apoptosis, eliminating potentially cancerous cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a potential cause of mutation?

    <p>Exposure to certain microorganisms. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant challenge for the diagnosis of cancer faced by regions lacking pathology laboratories in Cameroon?

    <p>No available equipment for sample transport. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does it take several years for a normal cell to change into a cancer cell?

    <p>Because a single mutation is insufficient to cause cancer, multiple mutations are needed and they can occur over a period of time. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these techniques, crucial for cancer diagnosis, is available only at a specific facility in Cameroon and is not affordable for many patients?

    <p>Immunohistochemistry (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the limitations regarding the availability of medical imaging services in Cameroon suggest?

    <p>Delayed diagnosis and potential for advanced stage disease. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is NOT listed as a major cancer risk factor according to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)?

    <p>Lack of sleep (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a possible inherited predisposition to certain cancers?

    <p>Inherited cancer syndrome (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a known or suspected risk factor for cancer?

    <p>Stress (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a factor that can be controlled to potentially lower the risk of developing certain cancers?

    <p>Exposure to carcinogenic substances (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the organization that has identified 13 major risk factors for cancer?

    <p>International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of exposure that can increase cancer risk, according to the text?

    <p>Exposure to mental stress (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT classified as an occupational exposure to carcinogens mentioned in the text?

    <p>Asbestos (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a risk factor for cancer that can be mitigated through lifestyle changes?

    <p>Insufficient physical activity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it often difficult to pinpoint the exact cause of cancer in a particular individual?

    <p>Cancer is a complex disease with multiple contributing factors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary obstacle currently preventing wider implementation of the HPV vaccine in Cameroon?

    <p>Absence of a national strategy for HPV vaccine rollout (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main challenge faced by outreach screening campaigns for cervical cancer in Cameroon?

    <p>Limited access to treatment for detected precancerous lesions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a specific measure mentioned in the text to curb the spread of cancer in Cameroon?

    <p>Expanding cancer research facilities for better understanding of the disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant obstacle faced by the current HBV immunization program in Cameroon?

    <p>Limited availability of the national guidelines for managing infected newborns (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason cited for the limited success of sensitization campaigns regarding cancer in Cameroon?

    <p>Insufficient outreach efforts targeting specific communities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary challenge hindering the wider adoption of the HPV vaccine in Cameroon?

    <p>High cost of the vaccine for a majority of the population (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary objective of the epidemiological surveillance of cancers in Cameroon?

    <p>Prioritizing resources for cancer control strategies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the existing screening system for breast and cervical cancers in Cameroon inadequate?

    <p>It is only available in a limited number of cities, making it inaccessible to many. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the current status of the Hepatits B vaccination program in Cameroon?

    <p>The program is limited by the high cost of the birth dose for infected newborns. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most significant factor contributing to the high incidence of cancer in Cameroon?

    <p>Limited awareness of cancer risk factors and prevention strategies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Metastasis

    The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another.

    Cancer development stages

    The orderly process of cancer growth includes initiation, promotion, and progression.

    Initiation

    The first stage of cancer development involving mutations in the genetic structure.

    Mutation

    A change in a DNA sequence, which can lead to uncontrolled cell growth.

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    Apoptosis

    Programmed cell death; a way for the body to eliminate damaged cells.

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    Tumor cell

    A cell that has undergone enough mutations to grow uncontrollably and form a tumor.

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    Chemical agents

    Substances that can cause mutations and potentially lead to cancer.

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    Screening in Cameroon

    Cameroon lacks a national screening program for breast and cervical cancers, though some public hospitals and churches provide services.

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    DHIS-2 platform

    A digital health platform documenting suspected cancer cases, such as breast, cervical, and prostate cancers in Cameroon.

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    Pathology services

    Critical for cancer diagnosis, pathology services rely on analyzed specimens from diverse laboratories across Cameroon.

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    Medical imaging

    Essential for diagnosing cancer, medical imaging includes techniques like CT scans and MRIs but are limited to larger hospitals.

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    Immunohistochemistry

    A specific diagnostic technique for cancer available only at the Centre Pasteur and often unaffordable for patients.

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    Active and passive smoking

    Use of tobacco by smoking, directly or indirectly.

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    Ionizing radiation

    Radiation that carries enough energy to liberate electrons from atoms, potentially causing cancer.

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    Alcohol consumption

    Intake of beverages containing ethanol, linked to increased cancer risk.

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    Air pollution

    Contamination of the air by harmful substances, raising cancer risks.

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    Unbalanced diet

    Diet lacking variety or essential nutrients, increasing cancer risk.

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    Ultraviolet radiation (UV)

    Type of radiation from the sun linked to skin cancers.

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    Obesity

    Excess body weight that increases the risk of various cancers.

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    Occupational exposures to carcinogens

    Job-related exposure to substances that can cause cancer.

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    Inherited cancer syndrome

    Genetic predisposition to certain types of cancer passed through family.

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    NACFAC

    National Agency for Cancer Control and Prevention in Cameroon.

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    HPV Vaccine

    Vaccine to prevent Human Papilloma Virus, linked to cervical cancer.

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    EPI

    Expanded Program on Immunization that includes vaccines.

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    Screening

    Testing to detect cancer and precancerous conditions early.

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    Epidemiological Surveillance

    Monitoring cancer cases for informed decision-making in control.

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    BCCHS

    Cameroon Baptist Convention Health Services, involved in cancer screening.

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    Cervical Cancer

    Type of cancer that occurs in the cervix, often preventable by vaccination.

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    Advocacy for Vaccines

    Efforts to promote better access to vaccines, especially HPV.

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    Precancerous Lesions

    Abnormal tissue that can develop into cancer if untreated.

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    Cost of Vaccines

    High price, around XAF 35,000.00, limits access to immunizations.

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    Treatment dropout rate

    Estimated percentage of patients who stop treatment.

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    Cancer management challenges

    Obstacles affecting cancer care in developing countries.

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    Objective of strategic plan

    A goal to reduce cancer morbidity and mortality by 10%.

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    Primary prevention

    Strategies to reduce cancer incidence through awareness and vaccination.

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    HPV vaccination

    Free vaccination against Human Papilloma Virus offered nationwide.

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    Secondary prevention

    Focus on early detection and screening of cancer.

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    VIA/VILI

    Screening method for early detection of cervical cancer.

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    National Cancer Institute (NCaI)

    Planned center for excellence in cancer management.

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    Tertiary prevention

    Care aimed at improving quality of life in advanced cancer stages.

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    Study Notes

    Disorders of Cell and Tissues

    • Definition of terms used in Cells and Tissues disorders
    • Epidemiology of major cancers, risk factors, screening, and prevention
    • Description of Cells and Tissue Diseases
    • Cancer, the major cancers, Anemia in cancer patients, bleeding, immune-deficient diseases, leukemia, hemophilia, sickle cell
    • Description of the medical and surgical nursing of cells and tissue disorders
    • Description of nursing care related to the disease, its evolution, treatment, reaction of the patient, and prevention of biological and psychological treatment complications
    • Management of stress and pain, palliative care, and support to patients in terminal phase; description of the clinical pharmacology of Cells and Tissues Disorders (e.g., chemotherapy, anti-inflammatory analgesic opiates, steroids, clotting factors, plasma, platelets), mechanisms of action of Drugs and psychosocial support to patients

    Cell Biology

    • Definition of the cell (basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all living organisms)
    • Structure of the cell (cytoplasm enclosed within a membrane, which contains many biomolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids. unicellular and multicellular organisms)
    • The cell's role (instruction to make proteins and RNA, cell function, division, and death)

    Tissues

    • Classification of tissues (epithelial, connective, nerve, and muscle tissues)
    • Functions of the various groups (epithelial for protection, connective for support, nerve for information networks, and muscle for contraction and movement)
    • Types of muscle tissue (voluntary—striated, and involuntary—smooth, cardiac)
    • Locations of Tissues (examples are skin and inner surfaces of the body, bone, cartilage, fatty tissue, etc.)

    Organs

    • Definition of organs (collection of tissues in a functional unit)
    • Examples (heart, kidney, brain, lungs, etc.)

    Semiology

    • Cancer biology and treatment options
    • Factors contributing to suffering (pain, depression, anxiety, fear, asthenia, blood filth, and fatigue)
    • Clinical research and better treatments and management for better understanding of symptoms.

    Pain in Cancer

    • Types of pain (mechanical, treatment)
    • Classification of pain (acute or long term)
    • Symptoms of chronic pain (memory loss, attention difficulties, verbal inability, mentally inflexible, and slowed thinking).
    • Pain reduction through better understanding, effective treatment and management

    Depression in Cancer

    • Definition of Depression (mood disorder with persistent sadness and loss of interest and/or activity)
    • Symptoms of depression (Ongoing sad, hopeless, empty mood, Loss of interest, Major weight changes)
    • Nursing interventions for depression in cancer patients (Encouraging treatment, promoting physical activity, providing transportation for treatment, offering support).

    Anxiety and Fear in Cancer

    • Defining Anxiety and Fear (Strong feelings of worry or fear interfering with daily life activity)
    • Manifestations(Anxious facial expressions, uncontrolled worries, trouble solving problems)
    • Important Considerations for anxiety and fear in cancer (fear of treatment, reoccurrence, rapid progress, or dying)
    • Nursing interventions(Active listening, warmth, unconditional acceptance)

    Infections in Cancer

    • Risk factors (Bone marrow suppression, or decreased number of neutrophils)
    • Signs of infection (fever above 100.5F(38C), chest pain, shortness of breath, confusion, severe headache with stiff neck, bloody/cloudy urine)
    • Nursing intervention (Promote good handwashing, limit visitors, encourage personal care, place in reverse isolation, monitor temperature).

    Asthenia and Anorexia-Cachexia

    • Definition of Asthenia and Anorexia-Cachexia (Asthenia-state marked with extreme tiredness and/or reduced physical capacity, Anorexia-loss of appetite)
    • Symptoms of Asthenia and Anorexia-Cachexia (weight loss)
    • Causes of Asthenia and Anorexia-Cachexia (Metabolic changes, immune response to the tumor)
    • Management of Asthenia and Anorexia-Cachexia
    • Non-pharmacological support
    • Psychological and social support

    Cancer Biology

    • Role of the immune system in cancer (Immune system's potential to distinguish normal from abnormal cells, malignant transformation. Immune response to tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) results from immunologic surveillance of lymphocytes. Immune cells detect and destroy abnormal cells).
    • Risk factors for cancer (Active and passive smoking, Ionizing radiation, Alcohol consumption and other environmental factors, diet, chronic inflammation, hereditary factors).

    Biology of Cancer

    • Cancer encompasses a broad range of diseases that can arise in any cell of the body.
    • Cancer begins in one cell or a small group of cells.
    • Cancer cells grow and multiply too much and form a lump.
    • Different types of cells (origin) may turn into different cancers.
    • Types of tumors (benign, premalignant, and malignant) and their characteristics.
    • Process of cell division that can lead to the formation of cancerous cells (initiation, promotion, and progression).
    • Potential for cancer development and treatment (mutation, promotion, and progression)

    Malignancy and Fever

    • Fever from underlying malignancy.
    • Mechanisms
    • Pathophysiology of tumor induced fever (cytokines from tumor or infiltrating cells, necrosis of tumor tissue, obstruction of hollow ducts)
    • Associated conditions (drug fever like antibiotics, chemotherapy drugs, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura).

    Types of Major Cancers

    • Basal cell carcinoma (Skin cancer)(often on exposed areas to sunlight)
    • Squamous cell carcinoma (skin cancer)( can appear as a sores, red patches)
    • Renal cell carcinoma (Kidney cancer).
    • Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) (precancerous condition in breast).
    • Invasive ductal carcinoma Breast cancer (invading fatty breast tissue)
    • Adenocarcinoma (develop in glandular cells).
    • Melanoma (cancer in the skin pigment producing cells)

    Lymphoma

    • Types of Lymphoma (Non-Hodgkin, Hodgkin)
    • Causes of Lymphoma (Environmental factors, immune conditions, disorders, or genetics. Infection (viral, bacterial, parasitic) exposure to certain chemicals)

    Leukemia

    • Definition (a type of cancer affecting the blood cell, often in children)
    • Types of Leukemia (acute and chronic)
    • Causes of Leukemia (Genetic or environmental, radiation exposure, chemicals, certain viruses.)
    • Treatment (chemotherapy, bone marrow or stem cell transplantation.)

    Thrombocytopenia

    • Definition (A reduced number of platelets)
    • Causes (Immune-related disorders, infections or medications)
    • Symptoms (Bleeding, bruising, heavy menstrual periods)
    • Treatment (Corticosteroids, Immune Globulin, Platelet transfusions)

    Hemophilia

    • Definition (A genetic disorder in which the blood doesn’t clot normally).
    • Signs and Symptoms (Unexplained and excessive bleeding, large bruises, unusual bleeding)
    • Types (A and B)
    • Treatment (Replacement of deficiency clotting factor, medications)

    Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

    • Definition (an abnormal blood clotting process resulting from many small clots).
    • Causes (Sepsis or other infections, malignancy, obstetrical complications).
    • Management (Early diagnosis, supportive care, treating the underlying cause)

    Hemoglobin disorders

    • Anemia (low red blood cell count)
    • Thalassemia (inherited blood disorder).
    • Sickle cell anemia (inherited blood disorder.)

    Nutrition For Erythropoiesis

    • Role played by nutrients, and sources for adequate production of RBCs, and general cellular functions.

    Palliative Care

    • Definition & Principles
    • Patient centered care, family centered, community centered
    • Aims to relieve symptoms and improve quality of life
    • Care is given during all stages of disease and treatment (includes various needs of patient, and family)
    • Strategies for Stress Management (reducing stress levels, mindfulness (reflection), and positive social interaction and support.

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